bioethics gene therapy paper essays

bioethics gene therapy paper essays Genes, which are carried on chromosomes, are the basic physical and functional units of heredity. Genes are specific sequences of bases that encode instructions on how to make proteins. Although genes get a lot of attention, its the proteins that perform most life functions and even make up the majority of cellular structures. When genes are altered so that the encoded proteins are unable to carry out their normal functions, genetic disorders can result. Gene therapy is a technique for correcting defective genes responsible for disease development. Researchers may use one of several approaches for correcting faulty genes. In most gene therapy studies, a "normal" gene is inserted into the genome to replace an "abnormal," disease-causing gene. A carrier molecule called a vector must be used to deliver the therapeutic gene to the patient's target cells. Currently, the most common vector is a virus that has been genetically altered to carry normal human DNA. The scientists are trying to make the virus that will work as it should, delivering the right genetic material to the right region. Specifically, to design virus-based vectors that can be injected directly into patients in order to accomplish gene transfer. The long-term goal is to engineer vectors that would target the correct tissue, insert into a safe site in the genome, and be regulated by normal physiological signals.( Anderson, 1999, para. 1) Viruses have evolved a way of encapsulating and delivering their genes to human cells in a pathogenic manner. Scientists have tried to take advantage of this capability and manipulate the virus genome to remove disease-causing genes and insert therapeutic genes. Target cells such as the patient's liver or lung cells are infected with the viral vector. The vector then unloads its genetic material containing the therapeutic human gene into the target cell. The generation of a functional protein product from the therapeutic gene restores ...

Amazing Science Fiction Future Essays

Amazing Science Fiction Future Essays Amazing Science Fiction Future Essay Amazing Science Fiction Future Essay In Daniel H. Wilsons book Wheres my Jetpack: A Guide to the Amazing Science Fiction Future that Never Was, he claims that according to 20th century science fiction we should have all of the technologies that were promised to be invented by now. Wilson supports his claim by going through different technologies explaining what they are, how they were portrayed in the science fiction world. and how they are or are not of use to use today. It seems the Wilsons purpose is to educate us on the history and future of the technologies as much as to complain about how we do not have access to them today. Although Wilson has a sarcastic tone throughout the book, he supplies fantastic information and points of views on the technologies he chose to write about like invisible camouflae and the smart house. However, wilson leaves out an extreamly important invention called the exoskeleton, which not only plays a major role in the science fiction world. but in the advances of technology today. The Smart House is a reliable but complex technology of the future which makes 1950s view of The Home of the Future inconceivable with our technology today (139). Even though fast transportation, replicators, Built in furniture, and a completely sterile environment is still just a dream out of reach for us, we have made progress transforming our dull, non-shape-shifting houses into the Smart House prototypes of the future. The home automation industry provides us with a vast amount of life enhancing technologies like motion detectors that help with both turning on the lights or an alarm system, and effectors that are used to water plants, feed dogs, and remotely raise or lower blinds (140). Along with home automation, intelligent environments are an entire field of research dedicated to combing high-tech computing in to our homes (140). The Smart House of the future seems to be leading toward helping elderly people live independently but safely with Activity recognition and location estimation, both of which can tell what you are doing and where (141). The home security corporation, ADT, recently marketed the first twenty-four-hour monitoring service called QuiteCare (141). QuiteCare provides a ordinary home security system of motion detectors and contact switches with a twist. Quitecare transmits information to ADT service members twenty-four-hours a day, seven days a week, and sets a baseline for normal activity that, when broken, triggers an alarm (142). Wilson was right when he said Living in the home of the future is like living in a Swiss army knife, and we can tell that by our houses now with all the technologies we have today. Even though we can only dream of a house that does everything for you, Scientists are taking big steps forward toward the path of the ultimate Smart House along with other super cool technologies. Invisible camouflageis yet another invention only reachable in the inagination of science fiction and fantasy writers. For example, in a very popular young adult series, Harry Potter inherits an invisibility cloke from him father and when put on, Harry disappears completely. Invisible Camouflage is an extremely awesome concept used in many science fiction and fantasy works and could be used to any persons advantage. The Military could use invisibility in hostage situations, or covert operations along with getting men and woman out safely to medics. As far as anyone knows the military does not have invisible camouflage yet, but are working on adaptive camouflage (107). Adaptive camouflage actively changes what you or your vehicle resembles to match the environment, compared to traditional camouflage, where you use unclear colors and shapes to blend in visually with your surroundings. The theory is to wrap yourself in real time images like the environment surrounding you. So its like putting on a Unisex jumpsuit thats a television screen. Researchers from Tokyo University in Japan have developed a prototype of adaptive camouflage. They take a video camera and place it on the back of a white rain coat and it collects and sends the image to the front of the rain coat like a projection. Simple idea, right? The problem with that projection idea is that its required to show the right image from every angle at once to become invisible not just from the front, which makes it more complicated, but not impossible (108). Invisible camouflage can, as Wilson Stated, extend past the battlefield and beyond the womans locker room (109). The possibility of surgeons having the ability to see everything they are utilizing during operations, or pilots being able to see through airplanes creates new possibilities. Also, you can get back at Jonny who bullied you in fourth grade; he would never see it coming. To my disappointment the exoskeleton super suits was not mentioned in the book. Different variations of the exoskeleton are shown through many science fiction movies, novels, and comic books. Some of the most famous exoskeletons are suits you put on, as in Iron Man, or a suit you walk into and hook yourself up, as shown in Avatar. In Iron Man the exoskeleton is almost like a body suit but has all the qualities of a super weapon; whereas, the exoskeleton in Avatar resembles more of a small transformer armed with large amounts of weapons. Both ideas are different but have the same science fiction concept of being high tech, fast and extremely powerful. Raytheon had an exoskeleton prototype called XOS 2. XOS 2 is more advanced then Its predecessor and even uses fifty percent less power and it more resistant to the environment. The lighter, stronger and faster exoskeleton can be used to help with many of the challenges that the human body cannot withstand, like repetitive heavy lifting, along with enhancements like completing work that 3 soldiers would do (Raytheon. com). XOS 2 is an amazing development with the exoskeleton technology, but we still have many mountains to climb before anyone can wear a fully equpied Iron Man Exoskeletons. Daniel Wilson brought to my view the technologies of Smart House and Invisible Camouflage, along with the disadvantages and advancements of them today. Although he did not talk about the exoskeleton super suit Wilson gave accurate information on the Smart House and invisible camouflage with a humorous tone that entrapped me. The technologies of the future are an interesting thought, but so far that is all that technology is. The exoskeleton is nowhere near ready to be used in the military anytime soon, we are not much closer to invisibility than we were when science fiction gave birth to the idea, and the thought of an all-plastic house that can clean, cook, and replicate anything while thinking for itself is almost absurd. I await the day for science fiction to prove me wrong, but until than I will clean my own house, dream of invisibility and rely on non-cyborg soliders to protect me. Work Cited Marrapodi Eric and Lawrence Chris, CNN. future soliders may be wearing iron Man suits Web. 22 Sept 2011 cnn. com/2010/TECH/innovation/11/11/iron. man. suit//index. html Raytheon Time Magazine Names the XOS 2 Exoskeleton Most Awesomest Invention of 2010 Web 22 Sept 2011Â  raytheon.com/newsroom/technology/rtn08_exoskeleton/

The last lecture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The last lecture - Essay Example Randy Pausch was a professor of computer science at Carnegie Mellon University (CMU) in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. His speech that he made on September 18, 2007 ‘’ The Last Lecture’’ received worldwide fame and is till now inspiring people to achieve their childhood dreams, to manage their time well and much more. Pausch was diagnosed with cancer in August 2006, he was told that although he has the option of chemotherapy on regular basis but he still has only 3 – 6 months of good health. Pausch seems to be a very optimistic person. Instead of focusing on his terminal illness and getting depressed about it all the time, he decided to contribute back to his college in particular and the community in general. In his talk on Time Management, first he talked about clarifying the goals and objectives of our tasks , dealing with difficult projects that are more time consuming and ugly looking. Pausch talked about using technology in more efficient way so as to save our time, for example, in his talk he discussed about speaker phones that could be of great advantage if we use it for time saving purposes. Setting up proper plans and goals to achieve ones task can help in proper time management. As he says ‘’ failing to plan, is planning to fail’’. One way to do this is to make a to- do list, that will help in keeping a track on where you are and what you are going to do in next few days, months and years. Avoid procrastination; do not do things at the last minute.if u r youngest u will be pampared in first half of ur childhood and in second half u wil be scolded for being spoild child...in ur early teens u have to prove that u r respectful to ur siblings and their in-laws...and in ur adulthood u have to serve them and their kids.....in betwen all this ur designation is no more then a "Chottha" who works as waiter in a hotel or an

Business ideas Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Business ideas - Essay Example Imam (Muslim priest) or a Muslim scholar who would serve as a Consultant to ensure that the clothing style that will be made by the company is appropriate for Muslim women. This is critical because the competitive advantage of the company is its ability to serve a certain niche with a cultural and religious overtone. The company cannot afford to make a mistake especially during its initial phase because when it will lose its credibility in that segment either by mistake or ignorance, it is already doom to fail because Muslim women are its sole market. Know-how on what are appropriate clothing designs for Muslim women. Fabrics to sew or create such design. Employees who have knowledge and expertise in sewing Islamic high fashion clothes. Capital to start and operate a business. Being culturally and religiously correct does not mean that people has to dress dull. The Islamic high fashion clothing line that will be introduced by the company in the market will be stylish but culturally and religiously aligned with the dressing prescription of Islam for women. Customers will the center of the business. Such, the business will take the pain to consult Muslim scholars about the appropriateness of the clothing line in addition to the effort of making the clothing line stylish and comfortable. The channel of establishing customer relationships and distribution shall be highly selective since the target market is highly specialized. Marketing efforts in establishing customer relationship will only be limited to Islamic communities where the target markets are concentrated. Since the proposed business is targeted towards a market with a high disposable income, the channel of distribution will also be situated in high street fashion retail stores to make the product appropriate to the status of its market. The idea of putting up a clothing business that caters to a specific market has a very good chance of success provided that it will be done right. The

Sexual Offenders Registration Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Sexual Offenders Registration - Essay Example Registering sexual offenders is similar to indication that they are not welcomed back to society even after serving their sentences. Registering sexual offenders with local authorities amounts to interference with their personal freedoms. Sexual offenders should not be registered with local authorities. Sexual offenders should not be registered with local communities after they serve their sentences whether in prison, juvenile centers or probation centers. When sexual offenders are served with sentences, it means that the justice system has given a ruling that is just both to the offender and the person that was offended. Therefore, when the offender serves his or her sentence and comes back to society, the local authorities should not register them because this is a way of indicating that the sentences they served is not enough and that they have not paid for they did the way they should (Meiners 32). The system of registering sexual offenders is approved because it is seen as one w ay that will prevent sexual offenders from repeating the mistake they did because the local authorities will be able to monitor them. However, this is a wrong assumption because when a sexual offender is sentenced, he or she serves the sentence term while undergoing rehabilitation and treatment where he or she learns that a mistake was done and should never be repeated again. Therefore, rehabilitation and treatment programs are enough because if they offer the right treatment and rehabilitation, then the offender should be able to rehabilitate and live a normal life in the society. Therefore, the need to register them becomes unnecessary. Moreover, in case treatment and rehabilitation programs fail, then registering them for the reason of monitoring will not work in any way. This is because registering a sexual offender does not mean that he or she will be followed anywhere he or she goes or anything they do every time. Therefore, when sexual offenders are served with sentences, whi ch they serve, registration with local authorities is not helpful because the justice programs remain with their records (Levenson, et al. 138). Registering sexual offenders is similar to indication that they are not welcomed back to society even after serving their sentences. Each person does a mistake at a certain point in his or her lives whether it is seen as a serious mistake or a minor one or whether a person knows it or not. However, for people to coexist peacefully in society, forgiveness must exist where people forgive each other for the mistakes they do at one point. Without this, the society will be a place of commotions where people cannot live peacefully. Thus, registering sexual offenders with local authorities amounts to stating that the sexual offenders are not forgiven and they are not welcomed back in society. The justice system has a role in the society to provide justice for everyone irrespective of whether one is an offender or the offended person. When the just ice system serves a sentence to sexual offenders, this should be enough for the sexual offenders to serve their sentence, undergo through rehabilitation and treatment and integrate with the society without difficulty. Registering offenders makes them feel unwanted in the society because of a mistake they may have done knowingly or unknowingly. In fact, registering offenders is like putting those who were sentenced wrongly, those who actually did it knowingly, and others unknowingly

The importance of public policy

The importance of public policy INTRODUCTION Public policy refers to the action or inaction of the government on an issue(s) (Thomas 2001 cited in Buse et al 2005). It sets hierarchy by carrying out the choices of those with the command of authority in the public. This makes public policy change very complex as various individuals, organisations and even the state have conflicting interest and capacities. There is therefore the need for coherence of interest/capacities in an attempt to effect a change (Colebatch 2002). AIM: The aim of this paper is to explain the strategies that would be used to effect a change in public policy on road safety in Nigeria. Health Issue and Public Health Importance: Road Traffic Collision (RTC) is a major public health issue globally. It is defined as personal injury resulting from collision of a vehicle with another vehicle(s) or a pedestrian, occurring on the public highway or footways (Worcestershire County Council 2010). The Situation Globally: RTC accounts for over 1.2 million deaths with about 20 to 50 million non fatal injuries (a major cause of disability) occurring annually. It is the 9th leading cause of death globally and is estimated to rise to be the 5th leading cause of death by year 2030 (with about 2.4 million fatalities per year) out ranking public health issues like tuberculosis, HIV/AIDS (presently the 5th leading cause of death) and diarrhoea diseases (WHO 2008). This means that by the year 2030, RTC will be perceived as deadly as HIV/AIDS is today, if urgent action is not taken. The global losses due to road traffic injuries are estimated to cost about 518 billion USD, costing the government between 1 3 % of its gross national product (WHO 2009a). Nigeria: Nigeria is Africas most populous country, with an estimated population size of about 151,319,500 (World Bank 2010). It is one of the 10 countries with the highest Road traffic death rates in the world (WHO 2009a). RTA is the commonest cause of death from unintentional injuries/ public violence in the country (Nigeria Watch 2007). Usoro (2010) stated that there are about 30,000 accidents with about 35,000 casualties occurring yearly. About 90 persons are killed or injured daily and about 4 persons dies or get injured every hour from RTA. He argues that the figures are underestimated because of poor reporting and poor recording of road accidents in the country. Low socio economic groups have been found to be at higher risk of road traffic injuries (Thomas et al 2004) and they are less likely to have the capacity to bear the direct or indirect cost related to RTA. They are faced with more poverty burden as they lose their bread winner; lose earnings while caring for the injured or disabled, the cost for funeral and prolonged health care (DFID 2003). RTC has its greatest impact among the young and is the third leading cause of death between ages 5 45years (WHO 2009) with a reduction in the Countrys productive force, further worsening the economic situation, thus affecting the country achieving its MDGS 1 AND 4. The major causes of RTC in Nigeria are; high speed, alcohol, bad roads, poor vehicle conditions etc (Usoro 2010). Although there is limited literature to show the different percentages of the causes of RTC in Nigeria, high speed is most implicated in low income countries (WHO 2009). Studies have shown that a 5% increase in average speed can result in approximately 20% increase in fatal crashes (Transport Research centre 2006) and with a 1mph reduction in average speed there is a reduction in accident injuries by 5% (Finch et al 1994). The introduction of speed cameras in the Isle of Wight, UK resulted in an 83% reduction of speed on the island (Environment and Transport select Committee 2004). Reducing speed has also been shown to have positive effects on health outcomes e.g. reducing respiratory problems associated with health outcomes (Transport Research Centre 2006). There is therefore urgent need for action to prevent this future pandemic. PROPOSED CHANGE (POLICY CONTENT): Introduction of speed cameras and enforcement of speed limits on Nigerian roads. Enforcement of speed limits via mobile cameras has been shown to be the single most effective strategy for reducing fatality from RTC (Chisom and Naci 2008). It is thus most rational among other rational strategies but has to muddle its way through the policy process. Hence the nature of change follows the mixed scanning model. For better understanding of the complex multifaceted nature of policy making, the proposed policy change is seen as passing through a process taking place in a particular context influenced by the participants/actors (the policy analysis triangle) (Buse et al 2005). THE POLICY PROCESS: The policy process can be broken down into series of stages called the ‘stages heuristic (Sabatier and Jenkins-smith cited in Buse et al. 2005).It provides a theoretical framework for understanding the times and places where tactical approaches can be applied to influence policy change (Buse et al 2005). Before going on with the policy process, it will be worthwhile understanding the countrys policy context as this will assist in shaping the process. THE NIGERIAN POLICY CONTEXT: The proposed health policy change can be affected by the following contextual factors (Leichter 1979): Situational factors: This includes the increasing wide spread public awareness and burden caused by RTA in the country as stated above. Cultural factors: There are about 250 ethnic groups (Hausa, Igbo, Yoruba been the major ethnic groups) in Nigeria. The major religions are Christianity, Islamism, traditional beliefs. These major religious and ethnic groups are the most politically influential and most populous in the country (CIA 2009). Most people believe that road accident is spiritual and is caused by evil spirits (Sarma 2007). Hence the religious leaders, traditional/ethnic group leaders will play an important role in convincing their followers and improving ownership for community support and policy implementation success. International factors: Road safety issues have increased in momentum on the global agenda (termed the decade of action) with an ambitious target to reduce road fatalities by year 2020. It is supported by international bodies such as WHO, WB, DFID, FIA foundation and other UN organisation (Commission for global road safety 2009). These bodies will thus have an impact on the formulation of policies, funding, dialogue, planning, and advocacy guidelines for any country embarking on a road safety policy initiative. Structural Factors: (a) Political system: Nigeria is a democratic federation with levels of authority expressed at the federal, state and local government areas. There are 36 states and the federal capital territory, 774 LGAs further divided into 9555 wards (the lowest political unit in the country). There are 3 arms of government, the Executive arm, Judiciary and the Legislature at the federal and state levels. The legislative arm comprises of the upper house (the senate) and the lower house (the House of Representatives) elected from the state senatorial districts and the constituencies respectively. Each state has an elected governor, the house of assembly, an executive council with powers to make laws. Each local government area has an elected executive chairman and an elected legislative council of members from electoral wards. The state government has substantial autonomy and control over the allocation and utilization of their resources (WHO 2009b). The Federal Road Safety Commission: This is the lead agency that regulates, enforces and coordinates all road safety management activities at both the national, state and LGA level through their special marshals (Volunteer arm) and regular marshals (Uniformed). They play a major role in determining and enforcing speed limits for various types of roads and vehicles (FRSC 2010). They receive assistance from the police, civil defence corps, NGOS etc. (b) Civil societies, NGOs form e.g. RAPSON, APRI, SAVAN, and interest groups are key actors in public policy making and can participate at the committee stages of how a bill becomes a law. (c)Socio economic situation: Nigeria is classified as a low income group country with a gross national income per capital of $930 (WHO 2009a).This can affect getting the road safety policy on the agenda among many other competing health issues. To the ease the policy issue from the agenda setting to implementation and evaluation, a stakeholder analysis is very important. STAKEHOLDER ANALYSIS: It helps to key Actors; assess their interest, power, alliance, position and importance in relation to the policy. It will help to identify and act to prevent misunderstanding and opposition to the policy (Schmeer 2000). AGENDA SETTING: This step involves getting the issue onto the policy agenda from among other issues that can potentially be of interest to policy makers (Buse et al 2005). Kingdon (1984) proposed that policies get on the agenda through 3 independent streams (problem, politics and policy stream) which converge at a point called the policy window. This is the point a policy change is most likely to occur. Mobilising the Media: McCombs and Shaw (1972) first developed the agenda setting theory, showing a strong correlation between media agenda and the public agenda on US presidential campaigns in 1968, 1972 and 1976. The media, been successful in telling the public what to think about (University of Twente 2004), will be mobilised to influence the publics opinion and consequently the government through TV and radio programmes/ News, News papers and articles from professional bodies with emphasis on the magnitude and possible solution to reducing the mortality from road traffic accidents. Restriction can also be made to misleading adverts which will encourage speed. Personal experience of RTC (direct or indirect) could be a more powerful teacher than the media (University of Twente 2004) but both will complement each other in improving the public agenda and subsequently the policy agenda. POLICY FORMULATION AND ADOPTION: This involves the steps taken after the issue is placed on the agenda up till when it is implemented. This part of the process strongly lies in the domain of the legislators which determines how a bill becomes law and is implemented as shown below: Formulation Strategies: To keep the issue on the agenda through this stage, there is need for: Continuous campaigns and Advocacy: Grassroots lobbying (mobilizing the public to contact legislators or other policy makers about the problem) and Direct Lobbying (Phone calls, writing of letters, face to face interactions), Mass Support by attending committee meetings, Informing international stakeholders that the issue is on the agenda, Bargaining for supporters from the legislators to improve Alliance. POLICY IMPLEMENTATION: This involves the process by which a policy is turned into practice (Buse et al 2005). The bottom -up approach (Lipsky 1980) will be a very good approach for the implementation such that there is flow of information from the implementers to the policy makers. However, attempt will be made to include the top-down approach in order to minimise deviation from the intended policy outcome. The implementation process would require time and resources and should be a gradual process. It would be worthwhile having a pilot project in an area identified by researchers to have a high mortality from RTA before implementation at a National level. Initial rapid needs assessment: The road safety system would be assessed to find out what is needed. The team should include; the police, road safety commission, researchers, health economist, NGOs, the NURTW, Volunteers, medical teams, Health policy analyst, the media, ministry of transport, support from developmental partners, community/religious leaders and involving the government at all levels. The assessment will provide scientific, managerial and technological functions of the policy from planning to evaluation. On identification of the specific needs, the implementation work plan will be drawn. Community/religious leaders will play a key role in advocating within their communities/religious groups in convincing their followers that RTC can be prevented and is not spiritual. Implementation schedule: Legislation to specify speed limits applicable to different types of roads. Identifying strategic check points which should be areas identified to have a relatively high RTC resulting from high speed. Random positioning of the team to monitor vehicle speed with the mobile speed cameras Fines to be paid by violators will be fixed and revenue generated be used for maintain and purchase of speed cameras. License suspension of violators who violates the law over a specific number of times as will be stated. The use of publicity to inform the public on the new law, its benefits and penalties. EVALUATION AND FEEDBACK: Buse et al (2005 p) defines evaluation as research designed specifically to assess the operation and or impact of a programme or policy in order to determine whether the programme or policy is worth pursuing further The engineering model suggests that ideally there should be a direct relationship between research findings and policy decisions but however this is completely not applicable as there tends to be gaps between the two communities. Advocacy coalition is needed to reduce this gap and should include improving the knowledge of policy makers by providing a range of different research reports via the media, conferences and seminars, ensuring that major policies have evaluations built into their budgets and implementation plans and establish intermediate institutions to review research and determine its policy implications e.g. NICE in England and Wales (Buse et al 2005). The evaluation process will involve the use of the formative evaluation (qualitative-observations, semi-structured interviews, focus groups, progress reports) at the early stage to provide advice to policy makers. It may then be used to modify and develop the program. It will also involve the use of a summative evaluation (quantitative- morbidity and mortality rates) which measures outcome and the extent to which the programme has met its objectives. Evaluation of the performance: Speed limit enforcement will also be done at the micro, meso and macro levels. The micro level will include accessing performance of the teams at the district levels, the effectiveness of the enforcement protocols used, the level of corruption and any implementation gaps. The meso level will include accessing performance at the organisation level which will include the time taken to attend to offenders when referred to the road safety centres, and their role assisting and supervising the team at the district level. The macro level: this involves accessing financing of the programme and its function at the national or international level. CONCLUSION: The policy process is a cyclical process occurring in the environment of a changing political context. There is thus the need for continuous advocacy coalition networking, monitoring and evaluation at all times. However, other causes of RTC such as bad roads, drinking and driving which are not fully implemented in the country should not be neglected as future plans should be made to further reduce the burden of RTC to the barest minimum. The implementation of the mobile speed cameras and speed limit enforcement will help reduce RTC mortalities and disabilities, improve research and also quality of life thereby unlocking growth and freeing resources for use on other health concerns with the view of achieving the MDGs. References: Aeron-Thomas, A., Jacobs, G.D., Sexton, B. 2004. The involvement and impact of road crashes on the poor : Bangladesh and India case studies [Online]. Available at: www.grsproadsafety.org//The%20Poor_final%20final%20report.pdf. [Accessed: 9 March 2010]. Buse, K., Mays, N. and Walt, G. 2005. Making health policy. Maidenhead: Open University Press. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). 2009. The world fact book- Nigeria [Online]. Available at: http://www.cia.gov/library/publication/the -world-factbook/print/ni.html. [Accessed: 23 February 2010]. Commission for global road safety. 2009. A decade for action for road safety: a brief planning document [Online]. Available at: www.makeroadssafe.org/publications//doa_booklet_v2.pdf. [Accessed: 24 February 2010]. Department for International Development. 2003. Guildlines for estimating the cost of road traffic crashes in developing countries [online]. Available at: www.transport-links.org/transport_links/filearea//1_807_R%207780.PDF. [Accessed: 9 May 2010]. Devon and Cornwall Police. 2009. Road collision unit: definition of road traffic collision [Online]. Available at: http://www.devon-cornwall.police.uk/Traffic/CollisionUnit/Pages/default.aspx. [Accessed: 22 March 2010]. Donabedian A. 1978.The quality of medical care. Science(200), p.856-164. Federal Road safety corps. 2010. Vision, mission and statement [Online]. Available at http://www.frsc.gov.ng/vision.php. [Accessed: 22 March 2010]. Finch, D. J., Kompfer, P., Lockwood, C. R, et al. (1994). Speed, speed limits and accidents, TRL Project Report 58, TRL, Crowthorne. Jagaba, A. 2009. How a bill becomes law: an example of ICPC act [Online]. Available at: www.snsn.com.ng//50-how-a-bill-becomes-lawan-example-of-icpc-act-. [Accessed: 11 March 2010]. Lipsky, M. 1980. Street level bureaucracy: dilemmas of the individual in public services. New York: Russell Sage Foundation. McCombs, M., and Shaw, D. 1972. The agenda-setting function of the mass media. Public Opinion Quarterly (36), p 176-185. Nigeria Watch. 2007. First annual report on public violence 2006-2007. France: Institut de recherche pour le dà ©veloppement). Oxford University Press. 2010. English language teaching: bill [Online]. Available at: http://www.oup.com/oald-bin/web_getald7index1a.pl. [Accessed: 10 March 2010]. Policy and Nutrition. 2010. Obesity [Online]. Available at: http://courses.washington.edu/nutr531/lectures/Policy07.ppt. [Accessed: 10 March 2010]. Rosaler, M. 2005. Measles. New York: The Rosen Publishing Group. Sarma, A.B. 2007. Beliefs and Character: Theology and Ethics of Road Safety in Nigeria [Online]. Available at: www.tcnn.org/index_files/sarma.html. [Accessed: 11 March 2010]. Savan demographic map www.savan.org/diary_big.html. Schmeer, K. 2000. Stakeholder analysis guidelines: section 2 of policy toolkit for strengthening health reform. Partners for Health reform. Washington DC World Health Organisation. 2008. The global burden of disease: 2004 update [Online]. Available at: www.who.int//global_burden_disease/GBD_report_2004update_full.pdf. [Accessed: 8 March 2010]. World Health Organisation. 2009. Global report on road safety: time for action [Online]. Available at: http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2009/9789241563840_eng.pdf. [Accessed: 7 march 2010]. World Health Organization. 2009. WHO country cooperation strategy 2008-2013, Nigeria [Online]. Available at: www.afro.who.int//3340-country-cooperation-strategy-nigeria-2008-2013.html. [Accessed: 12 February 2010]. World Bank. 2010. World development indicators: population, Nigeria [Online]. Available at: www.google.com/publicdata. [Accessed: 10 March 2010]. Zaal, D. 1994. Traffic Law enforcement: a review of the literature [Online]. Available at: http://www.monash.edu.au †º MUARC †º Reports and brochures. [Accessed: 11 March 2010].

A Web Page :: Essays Papers

A Web Page A web page is an electronic document written in a computer language called HTML, short for Hypertext Markup Language. Each web page has a unique address, called a URL, short for Uniform Resource Locator, which identifies its location on the network. A website has one or more related web pages, depending on how it's designed. Web pages on a website are linked together through a system of hyperlinks, so that you can jump between them by clicking on a link. On the Web, you navigate, popularly knowing as surfing, through pages of information based on what interests you at that particular moment. Home Page When you browse the World Wide Web you'll see the term home page quite a lot. Think of a home page as the starting point of a website. Like the table of contents of a book or magazine, the home page in most cases gives an overview of what you'll find at the website. A website can have one page, many pages or a few long ones, depending on how it's designed. If there isn't a lot of information, the home page may be the only page. But usually you will find at least a few other pages. Web pages vary wildly in their design and content, but most use a traditional magazine format. At the top of the page is a masthead or banner graphic. Then there's a list of items, such as articles, often with a brief description. The items in the list are usually hot, meaning that they are linked to other pages in the website or to other websites. Sometimes these links are highlighted words in the body of the text or are arranged in a list, just like an index. They can also be a combination of both. A web page can also have images that link to other content. Designing the structure of your Web site Designing your Web site begins with planning the purpose of the site, what the content will be, and how you want it to be structured. A well-designed Web site can make it easy for your audience to navigate and get the information you want them to receive. It can also make it easier for you to manage and update later on. Planning the purpose and content of the site

Community Illness Solution Essay

There has been an odd rise in similar and extensive illnesses in not only adults but children as well. This is becoming quite a concern for many of the residents in this community because that just means a rise in their chances of catching the illness to. If our community does not resolve the problem as soon as possible it will continue to spread and possibly affect the entire community. Upon further investigation into the reasoning or cause of this problem, I have found a legitimate reason why this is happening. I have discovered that the cause may be from the gas company’s malpractices either before the community came together or sometime afterwards. I found my reasoning by keeping an open mind and investigated any and every possibility there could be. The gas companies practices are the only issue I have found that could cause a problem such as the one in our community. As well, once I found that reasoning I looked also into the illnesses and what could have possibly caused them, and again I found that the problem with the gas company is the root cause for the illnesses. I have begun to spread the word about my discovery to make everyone in the community aware of the issue that has led to our problem. I believe that with the strength of our entire community we can unite and fight for our justice against the gas company who has caused our community such a great problem. My first idea in the fight for our justice is to go straight to the gas company and explain our findings and demand them to do something about the issue to help fix the problem. If our community cannot seem to meet an agreement with the gas company, I say we take it to a higher level. We need to possibly approach the mayor of our town or even the court system if we must. We need to keep our viewpoints open and not stick to what we think is going to resolve the problem because one idea may not instantly resolve our problem. We not only need to resolve the issue with the gas company, but need to find ways to help the families that have been plagued with the illness. I believe our community can set up a fundraiser of some sort to help raise money for the hospital bills and such that are a result of the illness. If our community does nothing about this problem we are never going to grow or thrive because no one beyond current residents will move here knowing of this plaguing illness. That would be horrible for our economy in this community, and we cannot just accept this problem. I believe we need to just go head to head with the problem and resolve it as a community. If we do not do anything our community is going to look weak and we will look like we gave up or that we are just a bunch of quitters. I won’t allow that to happen.

Schizophrenia2 essays

Schizophrenia2 essays Schizophrenia- Severe disorders on which there are disturbances of thoughts, communications, and emotions, including delusions and hallucinations. (Psychology: An Introduction,Charles D. Morris with Albert A. Maisto) It's quite horrendous. First of all, you've got somebody that you love, a child that you've raised. And then suddenly, the child becomes a crazy person. Better drugs and new ways of treating schizophrenia are enabling more of the disease's victims to live in society instead of institutions, and even to hold down jobs. Schizophrenia can be detected in childhoodeven traced to the womb. These malfunctions may be wired into the brain before birth. There is mounting evidence that schizophrenia reflects deviation in development rather than a backwards process that begins in maturity. Scientists,whose findings have already paved the way for a greater understanding of schizophrenia, and researchers around the world are hunting for underlying causes of the disease. People diagnosed with schizophrenia display a wide-ranging breakdown of perception and thought. A glitch in the timing of cell responses across broad swaths of brain tissue may help account for these people's fragmented experienc e of the world, according to a new study. In the brains of schizophrenia sufferers, electrical activity fails to synchronize with a specific sound frequency as it does in the brains of mentally healthy people. Improved drugs to fight psychosisthe loss of contact with reality that afflicts schizophrenicsare already coming on the market, and some researchers believe that within the next few decades, scientists will find a way to virtually cure the obscure disease. Schizophrenia usually begins between the ages of 16 and 30, with men often being affected earlier than women. The first symptoms can include trouble concentrating or sleeping, and afflicted people may start avoiding their friends. In the next stage, many schizophrenics ...

Narrative of Fredrick Douglas essays

Narrative of Fredrick Douglas essays This book was really interesting to me The Narrative Of Fredrick Douglas. It was about his life and how he wanted to escape from slavery. He was sold and traded to many different plantations. He really never knew his own age. When he was born he was seperated from his mom and his whole family. His father was white but he never saw him before, people told him that his father was a slave owner. While he was growing up on the plantation he saw people getting whipped for hours. When he was sold to Balitimore a lady there taught him how to read and write. Then when he got older he starting teaching other black people how to read and write. He was the only slave that would fight back to there slave owner. One time he was severly beat up because the slave owner heard that he wanted to escape. When he escaped to the north, he start talking to people of how it is was being a slave. Then he became a lecturer about slavery. He was the only one that wanted to learn how to read, and he was the only one that fought back at his slaveowners. I admire him for what he did. He was also the only slave that really wanted to escape from his plantation and head out to the north. After he escaped from slavery and headed out north, he told people how it was there on the plantation, and black people were being whipped and beaten for hours. All the people admired Fredrick Douglas for what he did. He really let people know how it was being a slave. ...

Evidence based practice critique and application Dissertation

Evidence based practice critique and application - Dissertation Example The aforementioned article reports the findings of a randomized, double blinded, placebo controlled monotherapy trial which was conducted with the aim of elucidating the efficacy and the safety profile of the pharmacological agent Pregabalin in patients who were suffering from Fibromyalgia (Arnold, et al., 2008). Moreover, as a co-primary objective, this study also aimed at determining the impact of Pregabalin on other parameters and symptoms of fibromyalgia, in addition to pain, in patients in which a significant improvement in pain was found (Arnold, et al., 2008). The study assessed the outcomes of a group of 750 patients suffering from fibromyalgia (as diagnosed using the American College of Rheumatology criteria for fibromyalgia) who were randomly assigned to two different groups, viz. those who received placebo and those who received Pregabalin in three different doses (i.e. 300 mg/dL, 400 mg/dL and 600 mg/dL) twice a day for a cumulative period of 14 weeks (Arnold, et al., 200 8). ... pain score and the PGIC and FIQ scores, amongst patients who received Pregabalin as compared to those who received the placebo (Arnold, et al., 2008). Moreover, all the three tested doses of Pregabalin were found to be efficacious in improving sleep and were not found to be associated with any major adverse affects. Thus, the study concluded that the use of Pregabalin as a monotherapy for the alleviation of the symptoms of fibromyalgia was both safe and efficacious over a dose range of 300-600mg/dL, over a treatment period of upto 14 weeks (Arnold, et al., 2008). Evaluation of study: In the article â€Å"A 14-week, Randomized, Double-Blinded, Placebo-Controlled Monotherapy Trial of Pregabalin in Patients with Fibromyalgia,† the authors have provided sufficient background information regarding the disorder, its prevalence, common manifestations and possible etiological factors, in the introduction section. Moreover, they have also shed light on the mechanism of action of the pr oposed drug to be used in this study, i.e. Pregabalin. However, with regard to the literature review, in my opinion, the authors have conducted an inadequate literature review and have not reported the findings of the relevant studies. They have just cited a single study and have not explored the topic adequately. Moreover, since the study focuses on monotherapy for fibromyalgia, the authors should have shed some light on the available treatment options for this disorder and whether any treatment regimes which propose the use of a combination of multiple drugs exist. They should have also justified their choice of monotherapy and the pharmacologic agent being used and should have discussed whether this option is the drug of choice for

Why I deserve an A Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Why I deserve an A - Assignment Example I am also allowed to borrow some materials for further reading at home, which I do without fail. Moreover, I am well motivated with my studies and I take them seriously. I am a firm believer that only hard work leads to success and I never let any chance to widen my knowledge capacity pass without utilizing it. I am always attentive in class and pay attention to the lectures so that I can grasp every detail mentioned. I have never been too shy or afraid to consult my classmates incase am facing difficulties with certain topics. I partnered with some friends to form a study group that is very helpful. During some weekends and holidays, we meet as a group and crack all hard topics. This is useful because the team effort helps to reduce the burden of an individual mind. The brainstorming helps us to come up with great ideas which are applicable to our classwork. I deserve an A because of the effort and time I have put on my studies. I am a hardworking student who gives his classwork priority over other stuffs. I have dedicated much of my time to my studies and I constantly consult both my lecturer and books when an issue is not that clear. Moreover, I am always careful with my work and take extra steps to ensure it is of high quality. That is why I deserve to get an