Justice vs. Revenge in Long Way Down by Jason Reynolds - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 2 Words: 618 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2019/04/02 Category Society Essay Level High school Tags: Revenge Essay Did you like this example? In the novel, Long Way Down, author Jason Reynolds show the contrast between justice and revenge in relation to outcomes of characters; justice and revenge are two different things, justice is focused on the good of the community, while revenge is solely focused on oneself. Will, the protagonist of the book, undergoes a transformation of motives on the elevator ride down. He assumes that he is focused justice, based upon what he has learned about The Rules. After meeting six people that were killed because of The Rules, he begins to consider what they really are about, justice or revenge.. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Justice vs. Revenge in Long Way Down by Jason Reynolds" essay for you Create order Throughout the book, Reynolds slowly reveals pieces of Wills identity. By portraying his identity through the other characters, Reynolds dives into the idea that justice and revenge are one in the same thing. First, he allows Will to think that killing someone is the right thing to do, allowing justice and revenge to be confused with each other, Another thing about the rules. They werent meant to be broken (35). The author writes the book as if there is a continuous cycle. Someone dies, someone else gets killed, and so on. The Rules are the main reason for this cycle, and this path has been going on for a long time. To the community, The Rules are justice and are morally correct. From an outside view of the community, The Rules are perceived to be solely based upon revenge, for losing a loved one. While many believe that in the past they have pursued justice, Will, with the help of his dead family and friends, comes to the realization that he was on the path to pursue revenge. This i s when the true separation between justice and revenge take form. Reynolds portrays Wills motives as justice, but as the elevator ride continues on, it turns into being perceived as revenge, I felt like crying, which felt like another person trapped behind my face, tiny fists punching the back of my eyes, feet kicking my throat at the spot where the swallow starts. Stay put, I whispered to him. Stay strong, I whispered to me. Because crying is against The Rules (30). The only thing that Will has ever known is The Rules; no crying, no snitching, and always get revenge. When something bad actually happens to Will, he understands the struggle that people have with following the rules. Will thinks that he is pursuing justice, but he is actually pursuing revenge. Justice and revenge are two different things. Justice is something that is for the good of the community or area, while revenge is focused upon yourself. Will thinks that he is pursuing justice because he is taught nothing else. He taught to always follow The Rules and this rule is a prime example of that, NO.3: Revenge. If someone you love gets killed, find the person who killed them, and kill them (33). When Will is taught this, he thinks that this is the only way to live life, to always follow The Rules. In the title of rule number three, the word revenge is present, yet everyone thinks that following the rules is what is right. Justice, by definition, is the concept of moral rightness based on ethics, rationality, law, natural law, religion, or equity. In simple terms, it is the act of being just and/or fair (https://crimesurvivors.org/what-does-justice-mean-to-you/). Natural law, in this case, is The R ules. In the pursuit of justice, Will comes to the realization that killing someone, is not just. It is morally and ethically incorrect. He realizes something that he has always known since he was introduced to The Rules. Will understands that what many thinks to be justice, is actually revenge.

Procrastination The Problem Of Procrastination Essay

Many people believe that procrastination is derived completely from laziness but the culprit could be multiple things, including perfectionism. This can become a huge problem for perfectionists, especially perfectionist students. They most likely will overthink projects and put off getting started because they’re afraid they won’t be able to make them as perfect as they want them to be. Luckily this is a common issue among students and there are many different techniques to cope with it. Students can overcome procrastination due to perfectionism by setting S.M.A.R.T goals, creating detailed to-do lists, and by just getting started. Students can avoid procrastination by following the S.M.A.R.T. goal guidelines. All of your goals should be specific (s), measurable (m), achievable (a), realistic (r), and time-sensitive (t). A specific goal is clear, focused, concise, and well-defined (â€Å"Ensure Your Success†). Instead of a general goal like â€Å"I want to get m y degree,† turn that into something more specific like â€Å"I am going to get my Bachelor’s degree in Business Administration from George Mason University† (â€Å"Ensure Your Success†). To make goals measurable, establish timelines and dates so you can measure your progress and stay on track to meet targets. Goals need to be achievable. Evaluate your own work ethic, see what you’re willing to do, and shape your goal around that so you know it is something you’re capable of doing. A goal needs to be realistic, something that you areShow MoreRelatedProcrastination And Procrastination Is Not My Problem Essay1668 Words   |  7 Pagesthink of procrastination the first word that comes to most of our minds is lazy. Laziness and procrastination seem to go hand in hand and often procrastination is caused by us simply being lazy. However, procrastination is a chronic and constant problem for many of us and while some of us may also be chronically la zy as well, most of us aren’t. I am, unfortunately, a person that battles procrastination and I can say that laziness is usually not my problem. I believe that procrastination comes downRead MoreMy Problem with Procrastination523 Words   |  2 PagesUpon further review, it appears that what I thought was a problem is more of an issue. As well as I needed to add a problem to my previous essay, so I would like to list a problem I have with procrastination. I seem to be dealing with increased instances where I have waited to the last minute to complete homework or a work project. Investigating my problem of procrastination, I will consider the pros and cons of not getting my schoolwork completed, in a timely manner. The pros outweigh the consRead MoreThe Problem Of Academic Procrastination1370 Words   |  6 Pages The problem of Academic procrastination Sultan Alqahtani Academic procrastination has quite often been a significant purpose behind poor academic performance particularly among students who are academically competent which is showed in a study done by Onwuegbuzie and Jiao (2000), where 95% of students take part in academic procrastination in a school level while around 61% hesitate at a graduate level. Notwithstanding students realizing that procrastination in academics leads to poorRead MoreThe Problem Of Procrastination By Piers Steel3671 Words   |  15 Pagesan intended course of action despite expecting to be worse off for the delay. Procrastination is a universally experienced action to which many people can relate. There are many different facets of life where people find reasons to delay and postpone actions and tasks, whether it is academically, in the workplace or in personal life. 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EveryoneRead MoreTok on Procrastination Essay1012 Words   |  5 PagesIB Skills Final Assessment – Anti-Procrastination Alex Foxe 22nd June 2012 â€Å"You may delay, but time will not† ~Benjamin Franklin Background: Procrastination is generally defined as the act of replacing high priority actions with those that have less priority. In psychology, procrastination is the temporal gap between intended behavior and enacted behavior. (Mind tools) This psychological behaviour is widely associated with adolescents, especially those in college where homework andRead More Procrastination: Habit or Disorder? Essay1395 Words   |  6 PagesProcrastination: Habit or Disorder? Procrastination is the art of keeping up with yesterday and avoiding today. - Wayne Dyer (6) Universally common to college students, procrastination is often addressed as a bad habit. Yet, in most cases, this isnt a nuance, but a perpetual occurrence - no longer qualifying for the term habit. 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Letter of Justification Free Essays

My father lost his Job and went without a Job for several months. This predicament became highly Inconvenient putting more responsibilities on me while helping my parents pay for bills should add how hall moved a lot, this sentence Is short and needs to be added on to. Talk about what kind of distress this caused you and your family. We will write a custom essay sample on Letter of Justification or any similar topic only for you Order Now Try to refrain from using words like â€Å"l†, â€Å"my† or â€Å"me† just to make it sound more of a formal essay) We had to move into a home more affable for my family. We eventually became reliable on one vehicle due to a car accident my dad was involved in and my vehicle became to expense to fix due to mechanical issues **(This sentence is a run-on and I think it would be broken up into two sentences) . My last semester fall of 2012 at San Antonio College was the hardest because that is when my family was most reliant of me. At the time, I was enrolled in 14 hours and working a full time job. With the additional responsibilities of providing for a family of five, it became a challenge to focus my attention on school. Eventually I decided the fall of 2012 was going to be my last semester of school at San Antonio College due to my family needing help financially. I enlisted in the United States Army and went Basic Combat Training (BCC) t Fort Jackson in South Carolina from January 7, 2013 and graduated March 21, 201 3 added commas after the days. ). Then I went to Advance Individual Training (TIT) for a Human Resources Specialist position which was also in Fort Jackson from March 20, 201 3 and graduated May 21, 2013**(Number dates always go after the month). *(Could re-write sentence like this-During my time at TIT, I was awarded a Certificate of Achievement for obtaining a high score on the Army Physical Fitness Test. -Then you could go on to talk about what kind this achievement proves about your endurance and how you’re driven) I was also awarded a Certificate of Achievement for scoring high on the Army Physical Fineness Test during my time at TIT. After completion of TIT, I was stationed at Fort Bliss In El Paso Texas to 31st Combat Support Hospital. I was there for 7 months In which I earned a promotion from POP to Private First Class and was awarded a Certificate of Achievement during Iron Focus, which was were training excises and preparing for my Units future deployment to sentence). I was deployed to Afghanistan January 7 2014. My duty and tasks were greater than my rank, which I slotted In a higher ranks position I as responsible for accountability and movement for Task Force 31 Medical and the 15 units, that fall under the Task Force of 174 personnel which increased to 455 confusing). **(never use words like â€Å"I’m†, â€Å"weren’t†, â€Å"couldn’t† etc. Always type them out like â€Å"l am†, â€Å"were not†, â€Å"could not†) I am responsible for out-processing personnel, which get military personnel out Afghanistan with all the proper documentation **(Find a synonym for â€Å"personnel† try not to use the same word twice in a sentence†). My sen ior leader recently recommended me for a Battlefield Promotion to next rank of Specialist. My Unit was supposed to redeploy back to the States in October but we were recently extended to December and I felt it would be a great time to go back to school to keep myself occupied the remaining time of my deployment. *(run on sentence. Also, give another reason why you want to go back to school such as â€Å"l felt this timing would be perfect to finish my bachelors degree and work my way to my goal of becoming a pilot. † Something along the lines of that, they want to see that you want to finish school in order to move up in life rather than it being something to Just occupy your time. Since being in the Army, I have learned a lot and my training has better taught me about discipline, responsibilities, and leadership. Going back to school is only the first step in advancing my career, I am hoping with my admission to Embryo-Riddle Aeronautical University I will earn my degree which will better help me excel in the Military Flight Aptitude Test to become a Warrant Officer in the Army to become a wing oratory aviator. **(run-on sentence. Also add more to this section because being that it’s only 2 sentences, it’s technically not a paragraph. But you could do this by separating your run-on sentences. ) How to cite Letter of Justification, Papers

Portion Economy Is Known As Black Economy †Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Portion Economy Is Known As Black Economy? Answer: Introducation The portion of the economy that grows at the cost of the government of a country, that portion of the economy is known as Black Economy. Whereas on the other hand White Economy can be referred to such part of the economy which has been accounted for and which is considered to act within the countrys rules and regulations. Thus, black economy is just the opposite division of a white economy (Williams, 2014). The economic activities in a black economy are carried out not abiding by the guidelines and protocols of commerce of that country and thus the activities of such economy are not accounted for taxation purpose. Such activities may be legal activities and may also be illegal activities. It is not always necessary that those activities which are not accounted for taxation purpose must be illegal. Whether the activities are legal or illegal are identified by the nature and characteristics of the goods and service of those transactions. As an example, if the payment of a worker who is engaged in construction works, takes place under the table even though the worker works legally then in such cases the payment made to the worker will be considered as a part of black economy. The payment to the worker was made in such a manner to avoid taxation. In the above case, both the persons i.e. the worker and the person who made the payment in lieu of construction work have violated the protocols of the country so as to avoid taxation (Schneider et al. 2015). Shared Economy A Shared Economy is such an economy where all the assets and services of the economy can be shared in exchange of either appropriate fees or may be without any compensation or free among the private individuals of that country. In other words, it can be said that in a shared economy an individual has the facility to derive or to lease assets or services that are owned by some other individual of that country (Schneider, 2015). Since the beginning of the society, the system of shared economy has been in use. Throughout these years the purpose have always been more or less the same only the process of sharing has been changes. The sole purpose or objective of shared economy has always been to enhance the lives of the people of the country. As the reason of introduction of internet in todays life, sharing has now become a lot more possible and easy and that too at a huge level. In a shared economy, the assets are used by groups or individuals in order to produce money and this resulted in emergence of abundant opportunities in a shared economy that were absent in a closed economy (Bitzenis et al., 2016). A business operator in Australia under traditional business model is Cab Charge whereas on the other and Uber is another business which operates under sharing economy in Australia and both business operator i.e. Uber and Cab Charge is operating under Transportation Industry in Australia. Enlightenment of the numerous aspects that are linked with traditional and with shared economy and how under these models of an economy, these characteristics effects the operations of the business of the organizations is the primary objective of this document (Ardizzi et al., 2014). In case of a shared economy, rights are given to the private individuals to utilise the assets that are not being used by the owners in exchange of some fees or may be for free which depends upon the nature of the asset that is to be used. But in case of Traditional Business Model, assets are only used by the owners for the sole purpose of their own business they are not let out for the use of other neither for free nor in exchange of any fees. Thus in order to understand the nature and characteristics of the two models of economy, Uber and Cab Charge and their business structures can be used. Uber is a business in Australia which allows a person to book a car or a cab for the purpose of travelling from one place to another. The main objective of Uber is to allow an individual to use the car for the purpose of that individual against some fees/ fare. The business is setup in such a manner that any individual can book an Uber cab by using its mobile app or by using the online system instantly as per the needs of the individual. This system also includes advance booking of rides for long as well as for short distances. In the above case it can be found that the car which is an assets of Uber Australia is being used by another individual for his/ her purpose and needs against some fare (Kirchgssner, 2017). As the business is about providing private cars to the private individuals of the country as per their needs thus sharing resources is the primary principle of Uber. As per the financial experts, a business leader like Uber have a turnover of more than US $20 Billion but shockingly, the company has disclosed only $18,000 in its Tax invoice which is in its first tax invoice in the country Australia which seems to be quite low compared to the huge business that it conducts. Uber Australia which is a ride sharing company has developed its business on the conception of sharing economy all around the globe. Not only this the aims and objectives of the company very much similar to that of the intents of a shared economy. The sharing of assets that are possessed by each other against some fees or free of cost subject to the nature of assets that is to be used is a sharing economy (Feige, 2016). Anyways, the concept of sharing economy or free sharing is not by various other organizations that follows some other economic model but however this does not have any impact over sharing economy. The construction of Uber Australia is primarily built on the concept of sharing economy. One of the prime objective of Australian Government is to achieve swift or agile economy. Thus there is a huge role of companies like Uber who are operating as a sharing economy in the achievement of this objective of the Government. It is not shocking to discover various other businesse s the Australia are functioning under the model of shared economy bearing in mind the fact that it is one of the earliest to be identified as a developed economy in the world (Alm and Finlay, 2013). As per a report of the company it discloses that in the year 2015 Uber has delivered more than 5 Million rides and in the future the number of rides are estimated to increase even further. However the management needs assess and to keep a strict watch over the companys debt structure (Winer et al., 2013). The company being an essential participant of the model of sharing economy but it has become parallel with the MNCs of the country. A report states that Uber Australia has a debt of $980000 which is much more that its first annual revenue which was $804000. The tax policy of Australia states that the companies that have gearing ratio of more than 60% are eligible to claim for deduction for loan repayment purposes. Another business organization operating in the transportation industry like Uber is Cab Charge. But Cab Charge does not believe in shared economy. Its business model is completely different from that of Shared Economy model. On one hand where Uber Australia is focused on Shared Economy model, simultaneously, Cab Charge on the other hand follows and operated under traditional business model. As stated earlier, Cab Charge works in a more traditional method where the concept of sharing economy is not followed (Schneider Kearney, 2013). Unlike shared economy model, in traditional model there are no rights to the private individuals to use the assets owned by some other individual free of cost. An individual needs to pay for each assets that are intended for their personal use or benefit under traditional model. Cab Charge operates under such traditional business model in the country under transport industry. Since December 1999 Cab Charge Australia Limited is an ASX 200 Company and listed in the Australian Stock Exchange. A system of payment was established by the company in the year 1976 which enabled the customers to pay into the companys account for using any of its services. The company entered into a joint venture with ComfortDelGro which took 49% interest of Cab Charge. In Australia, the company works by accepting services bookings and dispatching against some fares. Currently Cab Charge is one among the largest cab provider operating in the country with an enormous 7000 cabs (taxis) in service all across the country. The company still have a strong grip over its major shares in spite of the invasion in competition that took place post globalization. A huge credit goes to the management team and to the executive committee for making this possible (Putni? Sauka, 2015). However the companys payment system has come across several criticisms from the countrys regulatory authorities. I n reality there are various court proceedings for the suspected anti-competitive practices against the company. A Federal Court proceeding that was initiated in the year 2010 assuming the company was involved in anti-competitive acts which also includes predacious price policy by the company and for which the company had to pay a fine of S15 Million against settlement of the issue (Enste, 2015). The fine paid by the company was one of the highest fine for any company paid in the Australian economic history. An alternative system of payment was being introduced by Cab Charge in the year 1976 in order to avail the services of the company. The new system of payment brought about a vast revolution as it enabled the customers to avail an alternative cash payment system in the industry of transportation via Taxi. The primary and some major activities of the company that the new system includes are stated below: Cab Charge introduced non-cash mode of payment in taxi industry where the customers can pay in the account of the company instead of using cash as a mode of payment for using the cab services of Cab Charge. The company also introduced the Point of Sale devices at every cab with the help of which the customers were able to make payment using their debit or credit cards. Another essential area where the company made huge improvement was development of the existing software. An important area where development and improvement was necessary is the development of IT hardware in the cab such as Security Camera System, meters of the Cab and other transaction processing devices. In New South Wales and in Victoria the company Cab Charge also operates Bus and Coach services in addition to the can services which was established through joint venture business with its partner. As Cab Charge is operating under the traditional business model thus the primary goal of the company i.e. Cab Charge is to generate maximum profit from the operating activities of the company. Over the year Cab Charge has been quite impressive and successful in running taxi and other services in Australia. The revenue of the company has increased substantially particularly after the introduction of the new non-cash payment system during the year 1976. Nevertheless, as the turnover of the company has increased, the more there was an increased in controversies as well. Even several times the company had found itself on the negative side of the court proceedings as well (James et al., 2015). Australian Competition and Consumer Commission claiming that Cab Charge has breached various fair trade practices and violation of the rule of the competition in order to gain unjust benefits over its competitors, has initiated a proceeding against the company in the year June 2009. In the Federal C ourt of Australia, the Australian Competition and Consumer Commission started a proceeding claiming that the company has misused its powers in the market to set prices indiscriminately so that the company can gain benefits over its rivals. However after the company agreed to three contraventions of trade practices the case was finally settled. It is to be investigated which of the recommendations would be successful in order to reduce the involvement of the sharing economy to the problem of black economy it would be sensible to go through the recommendations that were made by the Treasury in Black Economy Taskforce Interim Report (Zellner Ngoie, 2015). Treasury of Australia made some recommendation so as to reduce the contribution of shared economy towards black economy. They are stated below: Only such firms are permitted to access to the procurement prospects of the Government of Australia who maintains decent tax records, The small firms and small business must be entitled to receive incentives who have made investments in the non-cash business model in order to motivate other business organization for following the same path, Expansion of the Taxation Payment Reporting system is extremely essential, By keeping provision for tax deductibility imposition of payments such as cash payment of wages, payment mad to the contractors should be restricted, Such technologies must be banned with immediate effect those are used to overpower/ suppress sales figures, By taking transformational steps integrity of business registration shall be enriched, On matters that are related to taxation, essential training must be given to the small business organizations and small firms so that they can understand the whole process of taxation and apply its advantages over their own business, Increase in the amount of funding must be made based on the activities of Australian Taxation Office, In order to ensure that the small business firms are not over burdened with excessive requirement of laws, regulatory encumbrances shall be reduced for the same, For the purpose of achieving better tax expansion in the entire economy, limitations on cash payment shall be imposed across the economy, In order to ensure a healthy and better system of taxation, a sharing economy-reporting regime shall be introduced, It is essential to reduce the GST threshold, Utilization of reprieves shall be lowered, Excessive arrangements that are not necessary shall be withdrawn, There shall be an increase in data privacy which must be utilised by the Government Agencies with utmost efficiency, In is very much important to introduce Phoenix taskforce, Beneficial ownership reforms. In order to attain the goal of Black Economy taskforce, it is very much essential to implement the above mentioned recommendations effectively. Thus the desired objective to reduce the contribution of shared economy towards black economy can be realised if the recommendations proposed by the Treasury is implemented properly (Pickhardt Sard, 2015). The recommendations that will aid the government in realising the desire goals are listed below: Regulatory requirements must be increased withdrawing the arrangements that are not necessary, Reduction/ limited use of reprieves, Introduction of Sharing Economy Reporting Regime, Non-cash payment incentives shall be increased, Cash based payment methods must be limited/ reduced across the economy, The regulatory burdens over the small firms and businesses shall be reduced, Training must be provided to every small firms and business employers and employees so that they abide by the requirements of tax Reference Alm, J. and Finlay, K., 2013. Who Benefits from Tax Evasion? 11This paper is based on a keynote address at the conference The Shadow Economy, Tax Evasion and Money Laundering held in Mnster, Germany at the University of Mnster in July 2011.Economic Analysis and Policy,43(2), pp.139-154. Ardizzi, G., Petraglia, C., Piacenza, M., Turati, G. (2014). Measuring the underground economy with the currency demand approach: a reinterpretation of the methodology, with an application to Italy.Review of Income and Wealth,60(4), 747-772. Bitzenis, A., Vlachos, V., Schneider, F. (2016). An exploration of the Greek shadow economy: can its transfer into the official economy provide economic relief amid the crisis?.Journal of Economic Issues,50(1), 165-196. Enste, D. H. (2015). The shadow economy in industrial countries.IZA World of Labor. Feige, E. L. (2016). Reflections on the Meaning and Measurement of Unobserved Economies: What Do We Really Know About the'Shadow Economy'. James, S., Sawyer, A., Wallschutzky, I. (2015). Tax simplification: A review of initiatives in Australia, New Zealand and the United Kingdom.eJournal of Tax Research,13(1), 280. Kirchgssner, G. (2017). On estimating the size of the shadow economy.German Economic Review,18(1), 99-111. Pickhardt, M., Sard, J. (2015). Size and causes of the underground economy in Spain: A correction of the record and new evidence from the MCDR approach.European Journal of Law and Economics,39(2), 403-429. Putni?, T. J., Sauka, A. (2015). Measuring the shadow economy using company managers.Journal of Comparative Economics,43(2), 471-490. Schneider, F. (2015). Size and Development of the Shadow Economy of 31 European and 5 Other OECD Countries from 2003 to 2014: Different Developments?.Journal of Self-Governance Management Economics,3(4). Schneider, F., Kearney, A. T. (2013). The shadow economy in Europe, 2013.Johannes Kepler Universitat, Linz. Schneider, F., Raczkowski, K., Mrz, B. (2015). Shadow economy and tax evasion in the EU.Journal of Money Laundering Control,18(1), 34-51. Williams, C. C. (2014).Confronting the Shadow Economy: evaluating tax compliance and behaviour policies. Edward Elgar Publishing. Winer, S. L., Profeta, P., Hettich, W. (2013).The political economy of taxation. Oxford University Press. Zellner, A., Ngoie, J. K. (2015). Evaluation of the effects of reduced personal and corporate tax rates on the growth rates of the US Economy.Econometric Reviews,34(1-2), 56-81.

bioethics gene therapy paper essays

bioethics gene therapy paper essays Genes, which are carried on chromosomes, are the basic physical and functional units of heredity. Genes are specific sequences of bases that encode instructions on how to make proteins. Although genes get a lot of attention, its the proteins that perform most life functions and even make up the majority of cellular structures. When genes are altered so that the encoded proteins are unable to carry out their normal functions, genetic disorders can result. Gene therapy is a technique for correcting defective genes responsible for disease development. Researchers may use one of several approaches for correcting faulty genes. In most gene therapy studies, a "normal" gene is inserted into the genome to replace an "abnormal," disease-causing gene. A carrier molecule called a vector must be used to deliver the therapeutic gene to the patient's target cells. Currently, the most common vector is a virus that has been genetically altered to carry normal human DNA. The scientists are trying to make the virus that will work as it should, delivering the right genetic material to the right region. Specifically, to design virus-based vectors that can be injected directly into patients in order to accomplish gene transfer. The long-term goal is to engineer vectors that would target the correct tissue, insert into a safe site in the genome, and be regulated by normal physiological signals.( Anderson, 1999, para. 1) Viruses have evolved a way of encapsulating and delivering their genes to human cells in a pathogenic manner. Scientists have tried to take advantage of this capability and manipulate the virus genome to remove disease-causing genes and insert therapeutic genes. Target cells such as the patient's liver or lung cells are infected with the viral vector. The vector then unloads its genetic material containing the therapeutic human gene into the target cell. The generation of a functional protein product from the therapeutic gene restores ...

Amazing Science Fiction Future Essays

Amazing Science Fiction Future Essays Amazing Science Fiction Future Essay Amazing Science Fiction Future Essay In Daniel H. Wilsons book Wheres my Jetpack: A Guide to the Amazing Science Fiction Future that Never Was, he claims that according to 20th century science fiction we should have all of the technologies that were promised to be invented by now. Wilson supports his claim by going through different technologies explaining what they are, how they were portrayed in the science fiction world. and how they are or are not of use to use today. It seems the Wilsons purpose is to educate us on the history and future of the technologies as much as to complain about how we do not have access to them today. Although Wilson has a sarcastic tone throughout the book, he supplies fantastic information and points of views on the technologies he chose to write about like invisible camouflae and the smart house. However, wilson leaves out an extreamly important invention called the exoskeleton, which not only plays a major role in the science fiction world. but in the advances of technology today. The Smart House is a reliable but complex technology of the future which makes 1950s view of The Home of the Future inconceivable with our technology today (139). Even though fast transportation, replicators, Built in furniture, and a completely sterile environment is still just a dream out of reach for us, we have made progress transforming our dull, non-shape-shifting houses into the Smart House prototypes of the future. The home automation industry provides us with a vast amount of life enhancing technologies like motion detectors that help with both turning on the lights or an alarm system, and effectors that are used to water plants, feed dogs, and remotely raise or lower blinds (140). Along with home automation, intelligent environments are an entire field of research dedicated to combing high-tech computing in to our homes (140). The Smart House of the future seems to be leading toward helping elderly people live independently but safely with Activity recognition and location estimation, both of which can tell what you are doing and where (141). The home security corporation, ADT, recently marketed the first twenty-four-hour monitoring service called QuiteCare (141). QuiteCare provides a ordinary home security system of motion detectors and contact switches with a twist. Quitecare transmits information to ADT service members twenty-four-hours a day, seven days a week, and sets a baseline for normal activity that, when broken, triggers an alarm (142). Wilson was right when he said Living in the home of the future is like living in a Swiss army knife, and we can tell that by our houses now with all the technologies we have today. Even though we can only dream of a house that does everything for you, Scientists are taking big steps forward toward the path of the ultimate Smart House along with other super cool technologies. Invisible camouflageis yet another invention only reachable in the inagination of science fiction and fantasy writers. For example, in a very popular young adult series, Harry Potter inherits an invisibility cloke from him father and when put on, Harry disappears completely. Invisible Camouflage is an extremely awesome concept used in many science fiction and fantasy works and could be used to any persons advantage. The Military could use invisibility in hostage situations, or covert operations along with getting men and woman out safely to medics. As far as anyone knows the military does not have invisible camouflage yet, but are working on adaptive camouflage (107). Adaptive camouflage actively changes what you or your vehicle resembles to match the environment, compared to traditional camouflage, where you use unclear colors and shapes to blend in visually with your surroundings. The theory is to wrap yourself in real time images like the environment surrounding you. So its like putting on a Unisex jumpsuit thats a television screen. Researchers from Tokyo University in Japan have developed a prototype of adaptive camouflage. They take a video camera and place it on the back of a white rain coat and it collects and sends the image to the front of the rain coat like a projection. Simple idea, right? The problem with that projection idea is that its required to show the right image from every angle at once to become invisible not just from the front, which makes it more complicated, but not impossible (108). Invisible camouflage can, as Wilson Stated, extend past the battlefield and beyond the womans locker room (109). The possibility of surgeons having the ability to see everything they are utilizing during operations, or pilots being able to see through airplanes creates new possibilities. Also, you can get back at Jonny who bullied you in fourth grade; he would never see it coming. To my disappointment the exoskeleton super suits was not mentioned in the book. Different variations of the exoskeleton are shown through many science fiction movies, novels, and comic books. Some of the most famous exoskeletons are suits you put on, as in Iron Man, or a suit you walk into and hook yourself up, as shown in Avatar. In Iron Man the exoskeleton is almost like a body suit but has all the qualities of a super weapon; whereas, the exoskeleton in Avatar resembles more of a small transformer armed with large amounts of weapons. Both ideas are different but have the same science fiction concept of being high tech, fast and extremely powerful. Raytheon had an exoskeleton prototype called XOS 2. XOS 2 is more advanced then Its predecessor and even uses fifty percent less power and it more resistant to the environment. The lighter, stronger and faster exoskeleton can be used to help with many of the challenges that the human body cannot withstand, like repetitive heavy lifting, along with enhancements like completing work that 3 soldiers would do (Raytheon. com). XOS 2 is an amazing development with the exoskeleton technology, but we still have many mountains to climb before anyone can wear a fully equpied Iron Man Exoskeletons. Daniel Wilson brought to my view the technologies of Smart House and Invisible Camouflage, along with the disadvantages and advancements of them today. Although he did not talk about the exoskeleton super suit Wilson gave accurate information on the Smart House and invisible camouflage with a humorous tone that entrapped me. The technologies of the future are an interesting thought, but so far that is all that technology is. The exoskeleton is nowhere near ready to be used in the military anytime soon, we are not much closer to invisibility than we were when science fiction gave birth to the idea, and the thought of an all-plastic house that can clean, cook, and replicate anything while thinking for itself is almost absurd. I await the day for science fiction to prove me wrong, but until than I will clean my own house, dream of invisibility and rely on non-cyborg soliders to protect me. Work Cited Marrapodi Eric and Lawrence Chris, CNN. future soliders may be wearing iron Man suits Web. 22 Sept 2011 cnn. com/2010/TECH/innovation/11/11/iron. man. suit//index. html Raytheon Time Magazine Names the XOS 2 Exoskeleton Most Awesomest Invention of 2010 Web 22 Sept 2011Â  raytheon.com/newsroom/technology/rtn08_exoskeleton/

The last lecture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The last lecture - Essay Example Randy Pausch was a professor of computer science at Carnegie Mellon University (CMU) in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. His speech that he made on September 18, 2007 ‘’ The Last Lecture’’ received worldwide fame and is till now inspiring people to achieve their childhood dreams, to manage their time well and much more. Pausch was diagnosed with cancer in August 2006, he was told that although he has the option of chemotherapy on regular basis but he still has only 3 – 6 months of good health. Pausch seems to be a very optimistic person. Instead of focusing on his terminal illness and getting depressed about it all the time, he decided to contribute back to his college in particular and the community in general. In his talk on Time Management, first he talked about clarifying the goals and objectives of our tasks , dealing with difficult projects that are more time consuming and ugly looking. Pausch talked about using technology in more efficient way so as to save our time, for example, in his talk he discussed about speaker phones that could be of great advantage if we use it for time saving purposes. Setting up proper plans and goals to achieve ones task can help in proper time management. As he says ‘’ failing to plan, is planning to fail’’. One way to do this is to make a to- do list, that will help in keeping a track on where you are and what you are going to do in next few days, months and years. Avoid procrastination; do not do things at the last minute.if u r youngest u will be pampared in first half of ur childhood and in second half u wil be scolded for being spoild child...in ur early teens u have to prove that u r respectful to ur siblings and their in-laws...and in ur adulthood u have to serve them and their kids.....in betwen all this ur designation is no more then a "Chottha" who works as waiter in a hotel or an

Business ideas Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Business ideas - Essay Example Imam (Muslim priest) or a Muslim scholar who would serve as a Consultant to ensure that the clothing style that will be made by the company is appropriate for Muslim women. This is critical because the competitive advantage of the company is its ability to serve a certain niche with a cultural and religious overtone. The company cannot afford to make a mistake especially during its initial phase because when it will lose its credibility in that segment either by mistake or ignorance, it is already doom to fail because Muslim women are its sole market. Know-how on what are appropriate clothing designs for Muslim women. Fabrics to sew or create such design. Employees who have knowledge and expertise in sewing Islamic high fashion clothes. Capital to start and operate a business. Being culturally and religiously correct does not mean that people has to dress dull. The Islamic high fashion clothing line that will be introduced by the company in the market will be stylish but culturally and religiously aligned with the dressing prescription of Islam for women. Customers will the center of the business. Such, the business will take the pain to consult Muslim scholars about the appropriateness of the clothing line in addition to the effort of making the clothing line stylish and comfortable. The channel of establishing customer relationships and distribution shall be highly selective since the target market is highly specialized. Marketing efforts in establishing customer relationship will only be limited to Islamic communities where the target markets are concentrated. Since the proposed business is targeted towards a market with a high disposable income, the channel of distribution will also be situated in high street fashion retail stores to make the product appropriate to the status of its market. The idea of putting up a clothing business that caters to a specific market has a very good chance of success provided that it will be done right. The

Sexual Offenders Registration Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Sexual Offenders Registration - Essay Example Registering sexual offenders is similar to indication that they are not welcomed back to society even after serving their sentences. Registering sexual offenders with local authorities amounts to interference with their personal freedoms. Sexual offenders should not be registered with local authorities. Sexual offenders should not be registered with local communities after they serve their sentences whether in prison, juvenile centers or probation centers. When sexual offenders are served with sentences, it means that the justice system has given a ruling that is just both to the offender and the person that was offended. Therefore, when the offender serves his or her sentence and comes back to society, the local authorities should not register them because this is a way of indicating that the sentences they served is not enough and that they have not paid for they did the way they should (Meiners 32). The system of registering sexual offenders is approved because it is seen as one w ay that will prevent sexual offenders from repeating the mistake they did because the local authorities will be able to monitor them. However, this is a wrong assumption because when a sexual offender is sentenced, he or she serves the sentence term while undergoing rehabilitation and treatment where he or she learns that a mistake was done and should never be repeated again. Therefore, rehabilitation and treatment programs are enough because if they offer the right treatment and rehabilitation, then the offender should be able to rehabilitate and live a normal life in the society. Therefore, the need to register them becomes unnecessary. Moreover, in case treatment and rehabilitation programs fail, then registering them for the reason of monitoring will not work in any way. This is because registering a sexual offender does not mean that he or she will be followed anywhere he or she goes or anything they do every time. Therefore, when sexual offenders are served with sentences, whi ch they serve, registration with local authorities is not helpful because the justice programs remain with their records (Levenson, et al. 138). Registering sexual offenders is similar to indication that they are not welcomed back to society even after serving their sentences. Each person does a mistake at a certain point in his or her lives whether it is seen as a serious mistake or a minor one or whether a person knows it or not. However, for people to coexist peacefully in society, forgiveness must exist where people forgive each other for the mistakes they do at one point. Without this, the society will be a place of commotions where people cannot live peacefully. Thus, registering sexual offenders with local authorities amounts to stating that the sexual offenders are not forgiven and they are not welcomed back in society. The justice system has a role in the society to provide justice for everyone irrespective of whether one is an offender or the offended person. When the just ice system serves a sentence to sexual offenders, this should be enough for the sexual offenders to serve their sentence, undergo through rehabilitation and treatment and integrate with the society without difficulty. Registering offenders makes them feel unwanted in the society because of a mistake they may have done knowingly or unknowingly. In fact, registering offenders is like putting those who were sentenced wrongly, those who actually did it knowingly, and others unknowingly

The importance of public policy

The importance of public policy INTRODUCTION Public policy refers to the action or inaction of the government on an issue(s) (Thomas 2001 cited in Buse et al 2005). It sets hierarchy by carrying out the choices of those with the command of authority in the public. This makes public policy change very complex as various individuals, organisations and even the state have conflicting interest and capacities. There is therefore the need for coherence of interest/capacities in an attempt to effect a change (Colebatch 2002). AIM: The aim of this paper is to explain the strategies that would be used to effect a change in public policy on road safety in Nigeria. Health Issue and Public Health Importance: Road Traffic Collision (RTC) is a major public health issue globally. It is defined as personal injury resulting from collision of a vehicle with another vehicle(s) or a pedestrian, occurring on the public highway or footways (Worcestershire County Council 2010). The Situation Globally: RTC accounts for over 1.2 million deaths with about 20 to 50 million non fatal injuries (a major cause of disability) occurring annually. It is the 9th leading cause of death globally and is estimated to rise to be the 5th leading cause of death by year 2030 (with about 2.4 million fatalities per year) out ranking public health issues like tuberculosis, HIV/AIDS (presently the 5th leading cause of death) and diarrhoea diseases (WHO 2008). This means that by the year 2030, RTC will be perceived as deadly as HIV/AIDS is today, if urgent action is not taken. The global losses due to road traffic injuries are estimated to cost about 518 billion USD, costing the government between 1 3 % of its gross national product (WHO 2009a). Nigeria: Nigeria is Africas most populous country, with an estimated population size of about 151,319,500 (World Bank 2010). It is one of the 10 countries with the highest Road traffic death rates in the world (WHO 2009a). RTA is the commonest cause of death from unintentional injuries/ public violence in the country (Nigeria Watch 2007). Usoro (2010) stated that there are about 30,000 accidents with about 35,000 casualties occurring yearly. About 90 persons are killed or injured daily and about 4 persons dies or get injured every hour from RTA. He argues that the figures are underestimated because of poor reporting and poor recording of road accidents in the country. Low socio economic groups have been found to be at higher risk of road traffic injuries (Thomas et al 2004) and they are less likely to have the capacity to bear the direct or indirect cost related to RTA. They are faced with more poverty burden as they lose their bread winner; lose earnings while caring for the injured or disabled, the cost for funeral and prolonged health care (DFID 2003). RTC has its greatest impact among the young and is the third leading cause of death between ages 5 45years (WHO 2009) with a reduction in the Countrys productive force, further worsening the economic situation, thus affecting the country achieving its MDGS 1 AND 4. The major causes of RTC in Nigeria are; high speed, alcohol, bad roads, poor vehicle conditions etc (Usoro 2010). Although there is limited literature to show the different percentages of the causes of RTC in Nigeria, high speed is most implicated in low income countries (WHO 2009). Studies have shown that a 5% increase in average speed can result in approximately 20% increase in fatal crashes (Transport Research centre 2006) and with a 1mph reduction in average speed there is a reduction in accident injuries by 5% (Finch et al 1994). The introduction of speed cameras in the Isle of Wight, UK resulted in an 83% reduction of speed on the island (Environment and Transport select Committee 2004). Reducing speed has also been shown to have positive effects on health outcomes e.g. reducing respiratory problems associated with health outcomes (Transport Research Centre 2006). There is therefore urgent need for action to prevent this future pandemic. PROPOSED CHANGE (POLICY CONTENT): Introduction of speed cameras and enforcement of speed limits on Nigerian roads. Enforcement of speed limits via mobile cameras has been shown to be the single most effective strategy for reducing fatality from RTC (Chisom and Naci 2008). It is thus most rational among other rational strategies but has to muddle its way through the policy process. Hence the nature of change follows the mixed scanning model. For better understanding of the complex multifaceted nature of policy making, the proposed policy change is seen as passing through a process taking place in a particular context influenced by the participants/actors (the policy analysis triangle) (Buse et al 2005). THE POLICY PROCESS: The policy process can be broken down into series of stages called the ‘stages heuristic (Sabatier and Jenkins-smith cited in Buse et al. 2005).It provides a theoretical framework for understanding the times and places where tactical approaches can be applied to influence policy change (Buse et al 2005). Before going on with the policy process, it will be worthwhile understanding the countrys policy context as this will assist in shaping the process. THE NIGERIAN POLICY CONTEXT: The proposed health policy change can be affected by the following contextual factors (Leichter 1979): Situational factors: This includes the increasing wide spread public awareness and burden caused by RTA in the country as stated above. Cultural factors: There are about 250 ethnic groups (Hausa, Igbo, Yoruba been the major ethnic groups) in Nigeria. The major religions are Christianity, Islamism, traditional beliefs. These major religious and ethnic groups are the most politically influential and most populous in the country (CIA 2009). Most people believe that road accident is spiritual and is caused by evil spirits (Sarma 2007). Hence the religious leaders, traditional/ethnic group leaders will play an important role in convincing their followers and improving ownership for community support and policy implementation success. International factors: Road safety issues have increased in momentum on the global agenda (termed the decade of action) with an ambitious target to reduce road fatalities by year 2020. It is supported by international bodies such as WHO, WB, DFID, FIA foundation and other UN organisation (Commission for global road safety 2009). These bodies will thus have an impact on the formulation of policies, funding, dialogue, planning, and advocacy guidelines for any country embarking on a road safety policy initiative. Structural Factors: (a) Political system: Nigeria is a democratic federation with levels of authority expressed at the federal, state and local government areas. There are 36 states and the federal capital territory, 774 LGAs further divided into 9555 wards (the lowest political unit in the country). There are 3 arms of government, the Executive arm, Judiciary and the Legislature at the federal and state levels. The legislative arm comprises of the upper house (the senate) and the lower house (the House of Representatives) elected from the state senatorial districts and the constituencies respectively. Each state has an elected governor, the house of assembly, an executive council with powers to make laws. Each local government area has an elected executive chairman and an elected legislative council of members from electoral wards. The state government has substantial autonomy and control over the allocation and utilization of their resources (WHO 2009b). The Federal Road Safety Commission: This is the lead agency that regulates, enforces and coordinates all road safety management activities at both the national, state and LGA level through their special marshals (Volunteer arm) and regular marshals (Uniformed). They play a major role in determining and enforcing speed limits for various types of roads and vehicles (FRSC 2010). They receive assistance from the police, civil defence corps, NGOS etc. (b) Civil societies, NGOs form e.g. RAPSON, APRI, SAVAN, and interest groups are key actors in public policy making and can participate at the committee stages of how a bill becomes a law. (c)Socio economic situation: Nigeria is classified as a low income group country with a gross national income per capital of $930 (WHO 2009a).This can affect getting the road safety policy on the agenda among many other competing health issues. To the ease the policy issue from the agenda setting to implementation and evaluation, a stakeholder analysis is very important. STAKEHOLDER ANALYSIS: It helps to key Actors; assess their interest, power, alliance, position and importance in relation to the policy. It will help to identify and act to prevent misunderstanding and opposition to the policy (Schmeer 2000). AGENDA SETTING: This step involves getting the issue onto the policy agenda from among other issues that can potentially be of interest to policy makers (Buse et al 2005). Kingdon (1984) proposed that policies get on the agenda through 3 independent streams (problem, politics and policy stream) which converge at a point called the policy window. This is the point a policy change is most likely to occur. Mobilising the Media: McCombs and Shaw (1972) first developed the agenda setting theory, showing a strong correlation between media agenda and the public agenda on US presidential campaigns in 1968, 1972 and 1976. The media, been successful in telling the public what to think about (University of Twente 2004), will be mobilised to influence the publics opinion and consequently the government through TV and radio programmes/ News, News papers and articles from professional bodies with emphasis on the magnitude and possible solution to reducing the mortality from road traffic accidents. Restriction can also be made to misleading adverts which will encourage speed. Personal experience of RTC (direct or indirect) could be a more powerful teacher than the media (University of Twente 2004) but both will complement each other in improving the public agenda and subsequently the policy agenda. POLICY FORMULATION AND ADOPTION: This involves the steps taken after the issue is placed on the agenda up till when it is implemented. This part of the process strongly lies in the domain of the legislators which determines how a bill becomes law and is implemented as shown below: Formulation Strategies: To keep the issue on the agenda through this stage, there is need for: Continuous campaigns and Advocacy: Grassroots lobbying (mobilizing the public to contact legislators or other policy makers about the problem) and Direct Lobbying (Phone calls, writing of letters, face to face interactions), Mass Support by attending committee meetings, Informing international stakeholders that the issue is on the agenda, Bargaining for supporters from the legislators to improve Alliance. POLICY IMPLEMENTATION: This involves the process by which a policy is turned into practice (Buse et al 2005). The bottom -up approach (Lipsky 1980) will be a very good approach for the implementation such that there is flow of information from the implementers to the policy makers. However, attempt will be made to include the top-down approach in order to minimise deviation from the intended policy outcome. The implementation process would require time and resources and should be a gradual process. It would be worthwhile having a pilot project in an area identified by researchers to have a high mortality from RTA before implementation at a National level. Initial rapid needs assessment: The road safety system would be assessed to find out what is needed. The team should include; the police, road safety commission, researchers, health economist, NGOs, the NURTW, Volunteers, medical teams, Health policy analyst, the media, ministry of transport, support from developmental partners, community/religious leaders and involving the government at all levels. The assessment will provide scientific, managerial and technological functions of the policy from planning to evaluation. On identification of the specific needs, the implementation work plan will be drawn. Community/religious leaders will play a key role in advocating within their communities/religious groups in convincing their followers that RTC can be prevented and is not spiritual. Implementation schedule: Legislation to specify speed limits applicable to different types of roads. Identifying strategic check points which should be areas identified to have a relatively high RTC resulting from high speed. Random positioning of the team to monitor vehicle speed with the mobile speed cameras Fines to be paid by violators will be fixed and revenue generated be used for maintain and purchase of speed cameras. License suspension of violators who violates the law over a specific number of times as will be stated. The use of publicity to inform the public on the new law, its benefits and penalties. EVALUATION AND FEEDBACK: Buse et al (2005 p) defines evaluation as research designed specifically to assess the operation and or impact of a programme or policy in order to determine whether the programme or policy is worth pursuing further The engineering model suggests that ideally there should be a direct relationship between research findings and policy decisions but however this is completely not applicable as there tends to be gaps between the two communities. Advocacy coalition is needed to reduce this gap and should include improving the knowledge of policy makers by providing a range of different research reports via the media, conferences and seminars, ensuring that major policies have evaluations built into their budgets and implementation plans and establish intermediate institutions to review research and determine its policy implications e.g. NICE in England and Wales (Buse et al 2005). The evaluation process will involve the use of the formative evaluation (qualitative-observations, semi-structured interviews, focus groups, progress reports) at the early stage to provide advice to policy makers. It may then be used to modify and develop the program. It will also involve the use of a summative evaluation (quantitative- morbidity and mortality rates) which measures outcome and the extent to which the programme has met its objectives. Evaluation of the performance: Speed limit enforcement will also be done at the micro, meso and macro levels. The micro level will include accessing performance of the teams at the district levels, the effectiveness of the enforcement protocols used, the level of corruption and any implementation gaps. The meso level will include accessing performance at the organisation level which will include the time taken to attend to offenders when referred to the road safety centres, and their role assisting and supervising the team at the district level. The macro level: this involves accessing financing of the programme and its function at the national or international level. CONCLUSION: The policy process is a cyclical process occurring in the environment of a changing political context. There is thus the need for continuous advocacy coalition networking, monitoring and evaluation at all times. However, other causes of RTC such as bad roads, drinking and driving which are not fully implemented in the country should not be neglected as future plans should be made to further reduce the burden of RTC to the barest minimum. The implementation of the mobile speed cameras and speed limit enforcement will help reduce RTC mortalities and disabilities, improve research and also quality of life thereby unlocking growth and freeing resources for use on other health concerns with the view of achieving the MDGs. References: Aeron-Thomas, A., Jacobs, G.D., Sexton, B. 2004. The involvement and impact of road crashes on the poor : Bangladesh and India case studies [Online]. Available at: www.grsproadsafety.org//The%20Poor_final%20final%20report.pdf. [Accessed: 9 March 2010]. Buse, K., Mays, N. and Walt, G. 2005. Making health policy. Maidenhead: Open University Press. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). 2009. The world fact book- Nigeria [Online]. Available at: http://www.cia.gov/library/publication/the -world-factbook/print/ni.html. [Accessed: 23 February 2010]. Commission for global road safety. 2009. A decade for action for road safety: a brief planning document [Online]. Available at: www.makeroadssafe.org/publications//doa_booklet_v2.pdf. [Accessed: 24 February 2010]. Department for International Development. 2003. Guildlines for estimating the cost of road traffic crashes in developing countries [online]. Available at: www.transport-links.org/transport_links/filearea//1_807_R%207780.PDF. [Accessed: 9 May 2010]. Devon and Cornwall Police. 2009. Road collision unit: definition of road traffic collision [Online]. Available at: http://www.devon-cornwall.police.uk/Traffic/CollisionUnit/Pages/default.aspx. [Accessed: 22 March 2010]. Donabedian A. 1978.The quality of medical care. Science(200), p.856-164. Federal Road safety corps. 2010. Vision, mission and statement [Online]. Available at http://www.frsc.gov.ng/vision.php. [Accessed: 22 March 2010]. Finch, D. J., Kompfer, P., Lockwood, C. R, et al. (1994). Speed, speed limits and accidents, TRL Project Report 58, TRL, Crowthorne. Jagaba, A. 2009. How a bill becomes law: an example of ICPC act [Online]. Available at: www.snsn.com.ng//50-how-a-bill-becomes-lawan-example-of-icpc-act-. [Accessed: 11 March 2010]. Lipsky, M. 1980. Street level bureaucracy: dilemmas of the individual in public services. New York: Russell Sage Foundation. McCombs, M., and Shaw, D. 1972. The agenda-setting function of the mass media. Public Opinion Quarterly (36), p 176-185. Nigeria Watch. 2007. First annual report on public violence 2006-2007. France: Institut de recherche pour le dà ©veloppement). Oxford University Press. 2010. English language teaching: bill [Online]. Available at: http://www.oup.com/oald-bin/web_getald7index1a.pl. [Accessed: 10 March 2010]. Policy and Nutrition. 2010. Obesity [Online]. Available at: http://courses.washington.edu/nutr531/lectures/Policy07.ppt. [Accessed: 10 March 2010]. Rosaler, M. 2005. Measles. New York: The Rosen Publishing Group. Sarma, A.B. 2007. Beliefs and Character: Theology and Ethics of Road Safety in Nigeria [Online]. Available at: www.tcnn.org/index_files/sarma.html. [Accessed: 11 March 2010]. Savan demographic map www.savan.org/diary_big.html. Schmeer, K. 2000. Stakeholder analysis guidelines: section 2 of policy toolkit for strengthening health reform. Partners for Health reform. Washington DC World Health Organisation. 2008. The global burden of disease: 2004 update [Online]. Available at: www.who.int//global_burden_disease/GBD_report_2004update_full.pdf. [Accessed: 8 March 2010]. World Health Organisation. 2009. Global report on road safety: time for action [Online]. Available at: http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2009/9789241563840_eng.pdf. [Accessed: 7 march 2010]. World Health Organization. 2009. WHO country cooperation strategy 2008-2013, Nigeria [Online]. Available at: www.afro.who.int//3340-country-cooperation-strategy-nigeria-2008-2013.html. [Accessed: 12 February 2010]. World Bank. 2010. World development indicators: population, Nigeria [Online]. Available at: www.google.com/publicdata. [Accessed: 10 March 2010]. Zaal, D. 1994. Traffic Law enforcement: a review of the literature [Online]. Available at: http://www.monash.edu.au †º MUARC †º Reports and brochures. [Accessed: 11 March 2010].

A Web Page :: Essays Papers

A Web Page A web page is an electronic document written in a computer language called HTML, short for Hypertext Markup Language. Each web page has a unique address, called a URL, short for Uniform Resource Locator, which identifies its location on the network. A website has one or more related web pages, depending on how it's designed. Web pages on a website are linked together through a system of hyperlinks, so that you can jump between them by clicking on a link. On the Web, you navigate, popularly knowing as surfing, through pages of information based on what interests you at that particular moment. Home Page When you browse the World Wide Web you'll see the term home page quite a lot. Think of a home page as the starting point of a website. Like the table of contents of a book or magazine, the home page in most cases gives an overview of what you'll find at the website. A website can have one page, many pages or a few long ones, depending on how it's designed. If there isn't a lot of information, the home page may be the only page. But usually you will find at least a few other pages. Web pages vary wildly in their design and content, but most use a traditional magazine format. At the top of the page is a masthead or banner graphic. Then there's a list of items, such as articles, often with a brief description. The items in the list are usually hot, meaning that they are linked to other pages in the website or to other websites. Sometimes these links are highlighted words in the body of the text or are arranged in a list, just like an index. They can also be a combination of both. A web page can also have images that link to other content. Designing the structure of your Web site Designing your Web site begins with planning the purpose of the site, what the content will be, and how you want it to be structured. A well-designed Web site can make it easy for your audience to navigate and get the information you want them to receive. It can also make it easier for you to manage and update later on. Planning the purpose and content of the site

Community Illness Solution Essay

There has been an odd rise in similar and extensive illnesses in not only adults but children as well. This is becoming quite a concern for many of the residents in this community because that just means a rise in their chances of catching the illness to. If our community does not resolve the problem as soon as possible it will continue to spread and possibly affect the entire community. Upon further investigation into the reasoning or cause of this problem, I have found a legitimate reason why this is happening. I have discovered that the cause may be from the gas company’s malpractices either before the community came together or sometime afterwards. I found my reasoning by keeping an open mind and investigated any and every possibility there could be. The gas companies practices are the only issue I have found that could cause a problem such as the one in our community. As well, once I found that reasoning I looked also into the illnesses and what could have possibly caused them, and again I found that the problem with the gas company is the root cause for the illnesses. I have begun to spread the word about my discovery to make everyone in the community aware of the issue that has led to our problem. I believe that with the strength of our entire community we can unite and fight for our justice against the gas company who has caused our community such a great problem. My first idea in the fight for our justice is to go straight to the gas company and explain our findings and demand them to do something about the issue to help fix the problem. If our community cannot seem to meet an agreement with the gas company, I say we take it to a higher level. We need to possibly approach the mayor of our town or even the court system if we must. We need to keep our viewpoints open and not stick to what we think is going to resolve the problem because one idea may not instantly resolve our problem. We not only need to resolve the issue with the gas company, but need to find ways to help the families that have been plagued with the illness. I believe our community can set up a fundraiser of some sort to help raise money for the hospital bills and such that are a result of the illness. If our community does nothing about this problem we are never going to grow or thrive because no one beyond current residents will move here knowing of this plaguing illness. That would be horrible for our economy in this community, and we cannot just accept this problem. I believe we need to just go head to head with the problem and resolve it as a community. If we do not do anything our community is going to look weak and we will look like we gave up or that we are just a bunch of quitters. I won’t allow that to happen.

Schizophrenia2 essays

Schizophrenia2 essays Schizophrenia- Severe disorders on which there are disturbances of thoughts, communications, and emotions, including delusions and hallucinations. (Psychology: An Introduction,Charles D. Morris with Albert A. Maisto) It's quite horrendous. First of all, you've got somebody that you love, a child that you've raised. And then suddenly, the child becomes a crazy person. Better drugs and new ways of treating schizophrenia are enabling more of the disease's victims to live in society instead of institutions, and even to hold down jobs. Schizophrenia can be detected in childhoodeven traced to the womb. These malfunctions may be wired into the brain before birth. There is mounting evidence that schizophrenia reflects deviation in development rather than a backwards process that begins in maturity. Scientists,whose findings have already paved the way for a greater understanding of schizophrenia, and researchers around the world are hunting for underlying causes of the disease. People diagnosed with schizophrenia display a wide-ranging breakdown of perception and thought. A glitch in the timing of cell responses across broad swaths of brain tissue may help account for these people's fragmented experienc e of the world, according to a new study. In the brains of schizophrenia sufferers, electrical activity fails to synchronize with a specific sound frequency as it does in the brains of mentally healthy people. Improved drugs to fight psychosisthe loss of contact with reality that afflicts schizophrenicsare already coming on the market, and some researchers believe that within the next few decades, scientists will find a way to virtually cure the obscure disease. Schizophrenia usually begins between the ages of 16 and 30, with men often being affected earlier than women. The first symptoms can include trouble concentrating or sleeping, and afflicted people may start avoiding their friends. In the next stage, many schizophrenics ...

Narrative of Fredrick Douglas essays

Narrative of Fredrick Douglas essays This book was really interesting to me The Narrative Of Fredrick Douglas. It was about his life and how he wanted to escape from slavery. He was sold and traded to many different plantations. He really never knew his own age. When he was born he was seperated from his mom and his whole family. His father was white but he never saw him before, people told him that his father was a slave owner. While he was growing up on the plantation he saw people getting whipped for hours. When he was sold to Balitimore a lady there taught him how to read and write. Then when he got older he starting teaching other black people how to read and write. He was the only slave that would fight back to there slave owner. One time he was severly beat up because the slave owner heard that he wanted to escape. When he escaped to the north, he start talking to people of how it is was being a slave. Then he became a lecturer about slavery. He was the only one that wanted to learn how to read, and he was the only one that fought back at his slaveowners. I admire him for what he did. He was also the only slave that really wanted to escape from his plantation and head out to the north. After he escaped from slavery and headed out north, he told people how it was there on the plantation, and black people were being whipped and beaten for hours. All the people admired Fredrick Douglas for what he did. He really let people know how it was being a slave. ...

Evidence based practice critique and application Dissertation

Evidence based practice critique and application - Dissertation Example The aforementioned article reports the findings of a randomized, double blinded, placebo controlled monotherapy trial which was conducted with the aim of elucidating the efficacy and the safety profile of the pharmacological agent Pregabalin in patients who were suffering from Fibromyalgia (Arnold, et al., 2008). Moreover, as a co-primary objective, this study also aimed at determining the impact of Pregabalin on other parameters and symptoms of fibromyalgia, in addition to pain, in patients in which a significant improvement in pain was found (Arnold, et al., 2008). The study assessed the outcomes of a group of 750 patients suffering from fibromyalgia (as diagnosed using the American College of Rheumatology criteria for fibromyalgia) who were randomly assigned to two different groups, viz. those who received placebo and those who received Pregabalin in three different doses (i.e. 300 mg/dL, 400 mg/dL and 600 mg/dL) twice a day for a cumulative period of 14 weeks (Arnold, et al., 200 8). ... pain score and the PGIC and FIQ scores, amongst patients who received Pregabalin as compared to those who received the placebo (Arnold, et al., 2008). Moreover, all the three tested doses of Pregabalin were found to be efficacious in improving sleep and were not found to be associated with any major adverse affects. Thus, the study concluded that the use of Pregabalin as a monotherapy for the alleviation of the symptoms of fibromyalgia was both safe and efficacious over a dose range of 300-600mg/dL, over a treatment period of upto 14 weeks (Arnold, et al., 2008). Evaluation of study: In the article â€Å"A 14-week, Randomized, Double-Blinded, Placebo-Controlled Monotherapy Trial of Pregabalin in Patients with Fibromyalgia,† the authors have provided sufficient background information regarding the disorder, its prevalence, common manifestations and possible etiological factors, in the introduction section. Moreover, they have also shed light on the mechanism of action of the pr oposed drug to be used in this study, i.e. Pregabalin. However, with regard to the literature review, in my opinion, the authors have conducted an inadequate literature review and have not reported the findings of the relevant studies. They have just cited a single study and have not explored the topic adequately. Moreover, since the study focuses on monotherapy for fibromyalgia, the authors should have shed some light on the available treatment options for this disorder and whether any treatment regimes which propose the use of a combination of multiple drugs exist. They should have also justified their choice of monotherapy and the pharmacologic agent being used and should have discussed whether this option is the drug of choice for

Why I deserve an A Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Why I deserve an A - Assignment Example I am also allowed to borrow some materials for further reading at home, which I do without fail. Moreover, I am well motivated with my studies and I take them seriously. I am a firm believer that only hard work leads to success and I never let any chance to widen my knowledge capacity pass without utilizing it. I am always attentive in class and pay attention to the lectures so that I can grasp every detail mentioned. I have never been too shy or afraid to consult my classmates incase am facing difficulties with certain topics. I partnered with some friends to form a study group that is very helpful. During some weekends and holidays, we meet as a group and crack all hard topics. This is useful because the team effort helps to reduce the burden of an individual mind. The brainstorming helps us to come up with great ideas which are applicable to our classwork. I deserve an A because of the effort and time I have put on my studies. I am a hardworking student who gives his classwork priority over other stuffs. I have dedicated much of my time to my studies and I constantly consult both my lecturer and books when an issue is not that clear. Moreover, I am always careful with my work and take extra steps to ensure it is of high quality. That is why I deserve to get an

Business Ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 6

Business Ethics - Essay Example The most straightforward definition of an ethical dilemma is a clash between two goods. If we accept the notion that ethical teaching directs one’s actions towards doing that which benefits the good of the majority, rather than that of the minority, then we will begin to comprehend the concept of ethical dilemma as referring to instances wherein two alternate, and even conflicting, decisions may lead to equally good consequences. Diversity comprises an ethical dilemma because support for its realisation implies support for and the empowerment of marginalised groups. Objection to it, as in arguments disputing its ethical base, are equally ethical because of their predication on the concept of merit, or the hiring of employees based on theory qualifications, irrespective of ethnicity, race, religion, gender or age. As either of the two positions is, arguably, ethical, a final determination of which of the two is more ethical rests upon the analytical assessment of both perspecti ves from within the framework of ethics theory. A review of the literature on workplace diversity reveals that numerous scholars dispute the argument regarding a direct relationship between ethics and the attainment of employee diversity.

Differences in Competencies Between Associate Degree and Baccalaureate Degree Nurses Essay Example for Free

Differences in Competencies Between Associate Degree and Baccalaureate Degree Nurses Essay Differences in Competencies Between Associate Degree and Baccalaureate Degree Nurses Nursing education can be confusing because there are so many ways to become a nurse. However, throughout history, nurse leaders have advocated the importance of higher education for nurses. But as nursing shortages developed, the need for more and more nurses became apparent. To help solve the nursing shortage problem, Mildred Montag developed the associate degree of nursing program (ADN) in 1952. It was designed to be completed in two years and provide a balance of general nursing education along with clinical courses. The original program designed by Mildred Montag was for associate degree nurses to work under the supervision of professional baccalaureate prepared nurses. Due to confusion, the graduates of the associate degree nursing program were allowed to sit for the National Council Licensure Examination (NCLEX-RN). This NCLEX exam was the same exam given to baccalaureate degree nurses (Creasia Friberg, 2011). Now, associate degree nurses can be found in almost every setting from hospitals to long term care facilities. However, even though associate nurses have the skills to provide adequate patient care, the advanced education of the baccalaureate degree nurse provides leadership skills, advanced critical thinking skill and improved patient outcomes (Lane Kohlenberg, 2010). Therefore, in recent years the difference in competencies between the associate degree nurse and the baccalaureate degree nurse has been examined, resulting in a push for more nurses to obtain a bachelors degree (BSN). Associate degree nursing programs teach the technical aspect of nursing care. An associate prepared nurse can function well at the bedside. She can monitor the patient’s needs and record the outcomes of treatments. An associate prepared nurse can use critical thinking skills to determine her best course of action in most situations. But the constantly changing field of healthcare is demanding higher educated nurses. It is demanding nurses that are more professional and have an understanding of theory based practice. Nursing and medical organizations across the nation are recommending that all RNs advance their education. An advanced level of education can improve patient safety and quality of care (Fact Sheet: Creating, 2013). This has been evidenced by numerous studies on the correlation between higher educated nurses and patient outcomes. Researchers at the University of Pennsylvania conducted a study that found surgical patients had 14% lower odds of dying as an inpatient within 30 days when being cared for by higher educated nurses. Another study conducted at the University of Toronto found hospitals that increased their pool of baccalaureate prepared nurses by just 10% had a decrease in death of discharged patients (Fact Sheet: Creating, 2013). To fully understand the differences in competencies between an ADN and a BSN, it may be necessary to evaluate how each would perform in a specific patient care situation. For example, a 66 year male is hospitalized with an open wound on his leg. The wound is positive for MRSA and the patient is diabetic. The associate degree nurse dresses the wound properly, and teaches the patient how to take care of the wound. She helps manage the patient’s diabetes and teaches him how to manage it at home. The patient is discharged home with instructions and prescriptions. He is re-admitted a week later with high blood sugars and a worsening leg wound. The same patient is cared for by a nurse with a BSN. During his stay the nurse dresses his wound properly, and manages his blood sugar levels. During her time with him, the nurse questions the patient about his family and his home. Through casual conversation she discovers the patient lives alone, but his daughter lives close by. She also learns he is unable to clean his home properly, but he is adamant about staying there. With the patient’s permission, the nurse contacts the patient’s daughter to learn more about the challenges the patient faces in caring for himself. After talking with the daughter, the nurse discovers the patient has not had an eye exam in 5 years and his vision is poor. He does not follow a diabetic diet and prefers to eat out rather than cook at home. Armed with this new information, the nurse talks with the patient. She tactfully points out his vision problems and poor diet choices. The patient admits he needs new glasses, but cannot afford them. He admits to having trouble seeing the numbers on his insulin syringe. He also states following a diabetic diet is too difficult so he doesn’t bother. The nurse takes this information to the hospital’s case management team and together they get home health care that will help him with his dressings. They also manage to find help to clean his home and funding to get him new glasses. The nurse then makes an appointment for the patient for diabetic teaching provided by the hospital. Prior to discharge the nurse teaches the daughter how to change the wound dressing and how to give insulin injections. She encourages the daughter to go with  the patient to diabetic education classes. The BSN nurse did more than just discharge the patient. She used the metaparadigm of nursing model to treat the patient as a whole. The metaparadigm consists of person, environment, health, nursing and how they all interact with each other. (Gunther, 2011). She recognized the patient was an individual person with individual health needs. She discovered his physical and environmental challenges and learned how they were affecting his health. Utilizing the information she obtained she found the patient the appropriate help for his situation. The associate degree nurse is certainly capable of taking care of patients in almost any healthcare setting. However, healthcare is changing rapidly with increased acuity and short lengths of stay and nursing must change with it by producing more professional, well-educated nurses. References Creasia, J. L. , Friberg, E. E. (2011). Pathways of Nursing Education. In M. Iannuzzi, R. Richman (Eds. ), Conceptual foundations: The bridge to professional nursing practice (5th ed. (pp. 23-26). [PageBurst]. Retrieved from www. elsevier. com Fact sheet: Creating a more highly qualified nursing workforce. (2013). Retrieved from http://www. aacn. nche. edu/media-relations/fact-sheets/nursing-workforce Gunther, M. (2011). Theories and frameworks for professional nursing practice. In M. Iannuzzi, R. Richman (Eds. ), Conceptual foundations: The bridge to professional nursing practice (5th ed. (pp. 97-99). [PageBurst]. Retrieved from www. elsevier. com Lane, S. H. , Kohlenberg, E. (2010). The future of baccalaureate degrees for nurses. Nursing Forum, 45(4), 218-227. doi:10. 1111/j. 1744-6198. 2010. 00194.

Developing Speaking Skills in School

Developing Speaking Skills in School The ability to speak a language is synonymous with knowing that language because speaking is the most basic ways of human communication. Bailey and Savage (1994) said that speaking in second language has often been viewed as that most demanding of the four skills. Speaking skill is the second skill: (1) listening (2) speaking (3) reading (4) writing. Speaking conveys thought, understanding and feeling to listeners. Moreover, it can help listener understands objectives of speaker. Thus, speaking skill is important for communication in every day life. Second language learning, speaking skill is necessary because a person who can speak able to understand other. Also, it helps reading and writing skill to be easy. However, this skill is the complicate skill that speaker has to practice for long time. It does not occur to understanding or remembrance. So, Roger Scott (1981) purposes the steps of teaching and activities as below: Informing objectives teacher should tell learners what do we learn. Presentation teacher should present contents with context. Teacher does not present without context because some contexts are different in another context. Practising and conveying learners will practice suddenly after teacher present contents. Teacher should provide a variety of expressions and native speaker accent. Teacher also encourages learner to learn freely and similar real situations. Moreover, Mary Finocchiaro and Christopher Brumfit (1983) explained that there are many activities for speaking teaching that teachers can choose appropriately an activity for students in each level as below: Answering questions that teachers or friends ask. Telling friends to act with order. Letting students ask or answer friends questions related to classroom or outside experiences. Telling characters of objects from the pictures. Telling experiences by providing key words. Reporting stories from assigned topics. Setting classroom as scenes of some situations like restaurant, bank, and grocery. Debating, discussing, and expressing your ideas. Playing language games. Practising to telephone. Reading Thai newspapers and reporting in English Role playing. Speaking is divided into two main areas which are monologue and dialogue. Monologue is a person who speaks without interaction with other people (one person show) such as speech. Another one is dialogue that has at least 2 people talking together such as conversation. Moreover, people have to know some important means (managing interaction) to speak such as openings and closings, responding appropriately in fixed routine, taking turns, and topic management. There are several activities for developing speaking skills. Discussion Discussion is probably the most used activity in the oral skill class. Learners are assigned to discuss about provided topic. This activity usually does in a group because discussion is an activity for sharing information and knowledge to each other. Furthermore, learners are necessary to take the prior knowledge for discussion. For example, the topic is Living together before marriage. The learners should find some evidences to support your ideas. The evidence is maybe findings of research, statistic, or real experience. Besides, learners have to realize the managing interaction as above. The first step is teacher have to do a warm-up activity to introduce in the topic by discussing in the similar topic. This activity will add some ideas for students. The discussion does not have right or wrong, but it is sharing your own thoughts and feeling to each other. There are how to succeed with discussion: Give students topical information and language forms in order that they have something to say with other people. Let student purpose discussion topic or choose from some options. The topic of discussion is not necessary to be serious topic. Students would like to be motivated if the topic is interesting. Set objectives before discussion, and learners should achieve the goals. Use small group instead of whole class discussion because a small group is easy to participant in. Let students discuss for 8 -10 minutes. Teacher should stop them if they have nothing to say. Give feedback after finishing discussion. Students will know your ability by teachers feedback. For example: Pair work. Look at these rules for dating. Which statements do you agree with? Why? The man should always pay for the date. Some things should never change. A woman should never approach a man first. She should always be the one whos invited. It is inadvisable to talk about your problems at the beginning of a relationship. Do not say things like Can I see you again tomorrow? Play it cool. Do not make it appear that you are desperate. To avoid awkward situations, let your family know where you are going and when you will be back. It is better to go out with groups of friends in the beginning. Most blind dates tend to be disastrous, so it is best to avoid them. It is indiscreet to ask personal questions until you get to know each other. B. Group work. What are the most important dating rules in your culture? Agree on five important rules, and then tell the class. It is best for young people to go out in groups. Two people should never go out on their own unless they are planning to get married. Role play It is an activity for developing speaking skill, and students can show your ability about performance. Students usually are assigned some roles and fit into some situations that students maybe face outside classroom. Role play activity is advantage for practicing and developing sociolinguistic competence that they have to speak English with appropriateness according to situations and characters. Students always enjoy playing, but some are not because they are lack of self confidence. To succeed role play should do: Introduce activity by explaining the situation and make sure that students understand their own character. Set objectives before discussion, and learners should achieve the goals. Give a card that explains the person or role to students. The card maybe composes of words, expressions, or sentences. Have students brainstorm in their group for planning. Use small group instead of whole class discussion because a small group is easy to participant in. Let students work at their own ability level because students have different individual language skill. Teacher does not expect that everybody has to produce equally to discussion. Give feedback after finishing discussion. Students will know your ability by teachers feedback. For example: Choose the situation 1 or 2 to make up a dialogue and demonstrate the play in the classroom. Situation 1 Students A : You are going to join the live concert of your favorite singer or band, but you do not want to go alone. So, you need to invite your friend and tell his or her what do/does he/she/they look(s) like? Students B: You do not know his or her favorite singer or band for making decision. Situation 2 Students A: You are robbed the golden necklace. However, you are so lucky, you can remember his character. You need to describe him to a police. Students B: You are a police man. You need to ask his/her what is happening and what is the robber looks like? Information Gap The information gap activity involves each learner in a pair or group possessing information which the other learners do not have. The information of learners has to be shared with other in order to reach the objectives and outcomes. Doughty and Pica (1986) suggest that if students work in pairs with an activity that to be required exchanging information, students would engage in more negotiation of meaning that with activity. The information gap activities have their own advantages and limitations. They help language acquisition, but they do not involve students in conversational strategies in the same way like role play and discussion. For example: There are many different activities for developing speaking skills. The most important thing to realize is communicative competence including linguistics, sociolinguistics, discourse, and strategic competence. Moreover, speakers need to speak with fluency and accuracy. As you can see that speaking need more abilities to be mixed together. Recently, there are many foreigners wives at Udon Thaini province. Speaking is mostly used to communicate with other people. While a good speaker needs those things as above, some are not. For example, a foreigners wife at the department store says Honey, it the same at house. with pointing to a bag of detergent which is namely Breeze. This sentence is not correctly, but her husband can understand what she means. She speaks with some competence which is strategic competence that she speaks and point to something she means. Although she produces a sentence with any knowledge, she is able to communicate. Furthermore, there are not only utterances but also body language and eye contacts that you should act while you are speaking. The important activity for developing speaking skill in terms of body language and eye contacts is presentation, especially public speaking. For instance, when I was a fourth year student at Khon Kaen University, I usually practice presentation skill. Every subject need to oral presentation. I think that I was given many opportunities for practice until I can present confidently in front of classroom or anywhere. I also realize that dressing can help me to be a believable person. Although sometimes I am not sure for information that I have to present, I try to produce with confidence and good looking. After I finish presentation, my friend told me that You speak with reliability Then I answered that But I have no substances, ha ha. It makes me aware that speaking is the most important skill in every day life. Also, body language or gestures and eye contacts are choices to convey meaning to the audiences. If you are a good speaker, you should always practice anytime. For the second language learners, you cannot to be a perfect speaker because second language is not mother tongue, but you can speak with a few mistakes. Besides, you can speak English similar to native speakers by more practicing. For another example, I have a speech examination in terms of introduction of guest speaker which is the promptu speech. The teacher assigned since at the beginning of December. I have many times for preparation, but I still speak with some incorrect point. I also think that I cannot speak every word I prepared, but I can convey meaning to audience that it still has the same meaning. After that, it is the time for impromptu speech. Everyone has to pick a piece of paper that wrote a topic, and I was let a minute to prepare. Suddenly, I produce about the topic I selected. Luckily, I got a quite easy topic which is What custom in your country is different from customs in other countries? That top ic is in the Thai context while some are not related to Thai people. I realize that a speaker is needed to have omniscience for any topics. Person who has wider knowledge will get more advantages in speaking. In addition, experiences are considered to be necessity, especially direct experiences. As I mentioned as above, there are several activities for developing speaking skill in different ways. Teacher should select the appropriate activities for your students. Recently, communicative approach is taught widely in second language learning. This approach focuses on the ability to communicate in the real situation or authentic events, but the teacher should not ignore to teach grammar for them that is a heart of English learning. Moreover, I believe that vocabularies are necessary in speaking skill. Also, teacher should encourage developing vocabulary skill at the same time.